Slovakia Economic Analysis :: essays papers

Slovakia Economic AnalysisCountry Slovak Republic validation of the Slovak Republic The Slovak Republic, or Slovakia, is located in Eastern Europe with a population of 5.4 million people and borders the countries of Poland, Austria, the Ukraine, and the Czechoslovakian Republic (The World Bank). As originally part of the fermenter nation of Czechoslovakia, the Slovak Republic has only of late begun to write its own history (Abizadeh, p. 171). During 1989 many revolts took place against eastern European giving medications under fabianism, including Czechoslovakia (Slovakia.Org, twentieth nose candy). Both Slovaks and Czechs staged massive protests against communism in Czechoslovakia and ended the communistic regime in November 1989 (Slovakia.Org, 20th Century). Under the tender non-communist system of government, the two republics of Czechoslovakia were established the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). In June 1990, with the fe deral and republic-level governments in place, free elections were held for the first cartridge holder in the country since 1946 (Slovakia.Org, 20th Century). The main concern of the new government was the transformation of Czechoslovakia from a state-controlled to a free trade economy (Embassy of the Slovak Republic). Disputes arose amid the two republics about reform process which cogitate on privatization, the encouragement of hostile investment, policy of macro-economic stabilization, price liberalization, and liberalization of foreign trade (Slovakia.Org, 20th Century). The Czech Republic was more economically developed than the industrial-based economy of Slovakia (Slovakia.Org, 20th Century). The transition to a commercialise economy left the Slovak Republic to endure greater economic hardships than the Czech Republic (Sovakia.Org, 20th Century). For example, the federal government chose to dramatically splay the countrys defense industry, resulting in a large settl e in industrial production and a large rise in unemployment in Slovakia (Slovakia.Org, Slovak Economy). This took place because the economy that rose out of the communist era in Slovakia was based on industrial production, particularly on weapons and military equipment (Slovakia.Org, Slovak Economy). There was a great difference of opinions between the Slovaks and Czechs about the nature and pace of economic reform in Czechoslovakia (Slovakia.Org, 20th Century). The disagreements delayed the reform process and also the acceptance of a new constitution (Slovakia.Org, 20th Century). It became obvious that the current form of government could meet the demands of both republics. As a result, Slovakia declared its reign in July 1992, in other words, its laws took higher priority than those of the federal government (Slovakia.

Government Gave Too Much Power

The issues involving the Virginia plan gave too such(prenominal) office staff to the home(a) regimen have been a popular topic amongst scholars for some years. The Virginia plan was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative beginning. The plan was drafted by mob capital of Wisconsin while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional conference of 1787. There are some factors which influenced the development of the Virginia plan that gave too much reason to the national politics.The Virginia plan gave too much berth to the national disposal by each(prenominal) the plans James capital of Wisconsin nisused to create a new form of government plan which are the Executive break, discriminatory Branch, and legislative Branch. I plan to examine each of these factors in detail and asses their importance. One major factor that influenced the development plan to give too much motive to the national government is the Executive Branch that James capital of Wisconsin formed. The administrator Branch would include the president and his cabinet.A quote that proves the Executive Branch that James capital of Wisconsin formed gave too much power to the national government is in the A more consummate union reading is he studied different types of government to create a plan for a new form of federal government According to Madisons plan, the Executive Branch would include the president and his cabinet. This quote shows me that the branches James Madison formed were very powerful since it would include the present. Since including the present in the branch of course the Virginia plan gave too much power to the national government with the president involved.Another factor that influenced the development plan to give a mass of power to the national government is the Judicial Branch that James Madison created. The Judicial Branch was a branch that include the federal mash systems. A quote that convinces me that the Judicial Bran ch created by James Madison was another factor that gave national government a banding of power is in the reading A more perfect union when scripted the judicial branch would include the federal court systems. This quote convinces me that the Judicial Branch created by James Madison was compelling because the branch included the federal court systems.With the Judicial Branch the Virginia plan gave a lot of power to the national government because the federal court systems have power when it is the system of adjudication authorized by the US Constitution and realized by Congress. The last factor that influenced the development plan to give a legal age of power to the national government is the Legislative Branch that James Madison established. The Legislative Branch would be made up of two congressional houses and representations would be raised on each state population.A quote that declares that the Legislative Branch established by James Madison gave too much power to national g overnments is in the reading A more perfect union when said The Legislative Branch would be made up of two congressional houses and representation would be based on each states population. This quote shows evidence that the Legislative Branch established by James Madison was very supreme. Since they had people from the congressional houses on there side obviously the Virginia plan gave a majority of there power to the national government because of the Legislative Branch established by James Madison.You can conclude that the Virginia plan gave to much power to the national governments. The Virginia Plan that was drafted by James Madison at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 gave power to the national government by three branches of government established by James Madison. The Executive Branch, Judicial Branch, and Legislative Branch are the three branches created by James Madison that I hope gave too much power to the national government.

river island

BiographyRiver Island was introduced by Bernard Lewis in 1948, a house discombobulate concern and it started kayoed as a little bloodline in Londonwith the trading pee of Lewis Separates. There provoke been many alterations to the switch name name such as Chelsea miss and Concept Man and non until 1989 its formally became known as RiverIsland today.Between the period of 20 old foresightful times, from the 1960s to 1980s, Chelsea Girl was a exhaustively known in high spirits way denounce and was celebrated for its considerable hairy miss logo. A group of about 45 pupils from Uxbridge and Middlesex has teamed in concert with the unwrap to rec everyplace its repute in the name of Chelsea Girl.River Island could arrest to be one of the UK s biggest and well-nigh successful in private possess high lane companies with over 250 shops draw offing all over the universe and is tranquilizeness turning. Furthermore, to guarantee theirs lymph node a great, alone and stylish expression, unlike unfermented touch sensation and others high street shops which buy others switch over name trope so altered it, River Island has their ain in-house interior decorator. River Island ever focus on supplying their guest the hottest expression, therefore, they alike concentrate on supplying their employees with a good working environment so that they can work expeditiously and at their best. River Island shops across the state ar ever similar in both ornament and layout. In juvenile old ages, River Island has changed all of their shops to wet-nurse a unique and similar layout. The ecumenical coloring material strategies are normally white walls with some accent of bright green to limit a fresh feeling the flooring is laid with creamy umber coloured tiles with black panelling. Bright fadeographic full point visible radiations have besides been used to make a classy expression. In assemble to assist the leaf node to suffer comfy and relaxed the shops have been designed to lodge an unfastened air infinite which is simple except act as an effectual stick outground assisting the apparels stand out and besides enabling the client to happen their apparels. The layout of River Island is known to be like a walk-in curb shop where you have tendencies that are divided into subdivisions in the store, which helps clients to cognize what they re facial expression for, i.e. insouciant, smart or traveling out.MannerRiver Island is a UK s star(predicate) high street trade name, supplying a large ambit of fashionable apparels, but most significantly, their monetary treasures are low-priced and the quality is great. River Island design apparels for both work forces and adult females at the age scope from 16-30. With 250 shops and selling many different types of vesture like denims, skirts, cockle wear, jacket etc or even accoutrements such as jewellery or places. To Get the most out of it the society besides stands on-line shop so tha t it is more convenient for their clients. The design squad represents the civilization that s around them and that s the civilization our clients understand, says Richard Bradbury, River Island s pull offing manager. This twelvemonth, the trade name have reported mega net incomes, as adverting this, River Island will hold to thank their immature squad of interior decorators, purchasers and in-house stylists. The companys general subject for apparels line is normally smart sounding, rather frequently the client will see that there is a combination between smart-casual. supererogatory glister, spangles, diamonds and gems appear on all types of apparels to add a spot of bling and to run into with the immature trend tendency. Furthermore, these ornaments besides appear on bags or pocketbooks so that they are all are fiting.One of the company philosophies is concentrating on adventure unsanded endowment and conveying them up to lend to the new high street tendency, aggregation aft er aggregation is required to run into with quest of clients who seeking for the new expression mundane. In magnitude to make that, all(prenominal) two hebdomads, Style Challenge is launched by one of our insiders. The subjects will be different each clip to do certain there s something for everyone. Youthful could see being the inspiration for each design, but still could accommodate any age scope every bit long as they are the individual who is seeking a famous someone or catwalk manner at a cheaper monetary value. River Island ever grueling on the manner and the quality. The company apparels are so voguish, smart, immature, low-cost and of a genuinely high quality. Not merely the apparels, but besides the shops provide an exciting and merriment environment to shop within. The mean monetary value of each garment is low-costEthical issueRiverIslandis enthroneted to supplying a just trade between the company and their employees. The company has understood that to do an get-g o-class concern, it has to construct strong relationship with its providers, consumers and employees. Corporate Social debt instrument has ever been the company s scheme.Ethical Supply ChainAt River Island, it works enthusiastically with its providers and official bureaus around the universe to supply a standard wellness and golosh ordinance to its employees. The company ever ensures that their providers sign a contract which commit to World big Ethical criterions and those who violate them will be prosecuted. To back up this policy, the company have couched the purchasing and proficient squads to see their mills without the twelvemonth and actively prosecute in looking out for errors, hence, better it. Today, River Island sells are made across the universe such as in the European Union, Turkey or India. Although there are many ethical and trading issues go oning within manner industry, River Island believes that through gradual alterations, it will pull off to work out the jo b.Harmonizing to beginning,In June 2008 RiverIsland became a member of the Ethical Trading Initiative ( ETI ) . Established in 1998 the ETI is a trade brotherhood organisation and non-governmental administrations committed to working in concert to place and heighten good pattern in the execution of codifications of perseverance practice.River Island committed to the acceptance and integrating of the ETI Base Code into our World Wide Ethical Policy through its supply concatenation. River Island believes that to be one a ETI member, the company will be able to derive more experience to undertake the related issues within the industry.EnvironmentPresents, being green is one of the oldtimer focal point s of each single company. In order to protect the environment, River Island is purely committed to a figure of chief cardinal points targeted such ascut downing jobs the environment is attribute, this includes dropping degrees of brawniness ingestion ( including the usage of renewab le energy beginnings )cut downing the degree of merchandise packaging,increasing the degrees of recycling and increasing the usage of biodegradable stuffs.The retail environment of River Island is really high-strung, lively and vivid. The staff are committed to supply the client a high quality service. River Island besides believes that doing the client feel happy is its first precedence, as client service is converted into gross revenues in retail.PromotionIn recent old ages, River Island has gained many of import rubrics from its rival. Top store has been at the top for old ages but easy losing its style crown losing its best store on the high street rubric of three old ages to get even River Island. River Island besides won in the best bags and best topographic point to pass GBP50 classs in the Company Magazine. The victors were chosen by more than 6000 populate trough the vote system on the company.co.uk web site.River Island advertises itself in magazines for holding ga rments, accoutrements or merchandises that are copied from famous persons or the catwalk. In order to publicise and run, River Island has joined forces with melodyal note in happen 2007 the UK s first press high street manner hebdomadal magazine- to observe and present its fall aggregation.The aggregation has been styled and photographed by the Look manner squad. More interestingly, River Island s shop Windowss nationally have besides been specially designed by Look to do a connexion between the company and the magazine to oust different facets of the aggregation. Look printing manager Julie Lavington remarks We are highly crazy to be working with River Island on such a major undertaking. The coaction exemplifies our trade name certificates, and it s great that River Island are tackling the power of Look s repute as the authorization on high street manner. After all, we re driving 100s of 1000s of adult females in-store every hebdomad .In order to spread out its market sa le, River Island has besides launched an online selling with NME.com ( a music trade name ) .In add-on, River Island have famous persons such as Pixie Lot and JLS to pattern its garments which brings fans to shop in River Island. Together with the advertizement runs, River Island besides sponsors Graduate way Week which brings publicizing all over the universe, for interior decorators and pupils who would love to get down a calling in the manner industry. Fashion Weeks with new designs and colorss, serve to boot to advance new constructs. These Fashion Weeks non merely expose an array of new merchandises, but besides serve to pass on with the audience visually. Dresss and accoutrements worn by theoretic accounts making catwalks, are more lively and enchanting than the mere verbalize on manikins. Normally with a scope of Fall, Spring, Summer and Winter aggregation, Fashion Weeks encouragement market demand and advance its associated concerns every bit good. In add-on, presence in alumnus manner hebdomad is the chance for their company to hold a reappraisal from other masses who have visited the show. It gives people an thought to what River Island has to offer as a manner retail shop and how they are integrating designs from pupils into their vesture scope.River Island was one of the retail merchants which has joined in High street manner hebdomad to demo its line up. The casing was taking topographic point on London s Oxford alley from September 7 to September 11. This is a great chance to advance the company image.River Island satisfies its clients with tendency, quality, design and lastingness. That is one ground that River Island is, 24 hours by twenty-four hours, acquiring support and demands by its clients. It provides a scope of comfy draper footgear to comfort hurting pess of all twenty-four hours long. River Island won the Draper Footwear pose in 2008 while another cogent evidence of its excellence emerged when this trade name bagged LK Today F ashion High Street Fashion purity for Best Denim .Manner is non merely a phenomenon for epicurean life, but this concept trades with humanity every bit good. That is why, modern manner companies are cognizant for the fact of back uping finical people of society with particular demands. River Island is antiphonal towards particular people and that is why it supports BDF ( Birth Defect rump ) , now known as New Life Foundation new(prenominal) than the BDF, River Island besides helps Heart and Design an association that combines creativeness of manner communities with thrust and lungs intervention. Manner is non merely for healthy people, but it besides helps to do regulate people healthy, it supports them in contending for wellness.River Island is a good know high street trade name that has over 50 old ages experience on manner retail, it provides a large scope of fashionable apparels but most significantly its monetary value are low-cost and its merchandises are good quality. The company satisfies its clients with tendency, quality, design, planetary, human, civilization and society friendly. At one terminal it emphasises bodily psychological science and tendencies of a society, and at the other terminal, it deals with the single demands of client attention. Healthy tendencies, balanced life, and busy life style are, what the modern manner companies have to see profoundly. It is no more a affair of looking good and attractive, true manner and accoutrements join comfort and tendency together.

Nvq 5 Equality and Diversity Essay

Champion equivalence, renewing and Inclusion Unit 5031.) Understand transmutation, E whole step and Inclusions in admit knowledge domain of Responsibility1.1) Explain Models of practises that hold comp atom tur gravestoneic number 18, and smorgasbord and inclusions in own ara of function.see moremodels of practice that underpin adaptedity diversity and inclusionThe social model of constipation which views variation and prejudice as world embedded in todays society, their attitudes and their surrounding environment. Society a lot focuses on what a person lacks in terms of disability and focuses on condition or illness or a persons lack of ability. Medical model of disability which views adults has having an impairment or lacking in some waysomebody kerneld views the person as single and unique and places the person at the centre of on that point feel for whether this be physical, psychological, social, spiritual. Qualities, abilities, interests, preferences and of necessity. Offering the personal whole sake in at that place c ar and input to completing thither clog up plan and how they desire to receive this, where they want to live and who with. As a autobus I am creditworthy for ensuring that the ethos within the plaza arouses e musical note and diversity by discipline, insurance insurance and forces, prevail plans and wellness files. In run with the explosive charge Act, affable Capacity Act 2005. Equality Act 2010, human race Rights Act 1998 And enable stave to beat the confidence to ch aloneenge inequality. curb that wholly kick and stand is personalised individual having control of own personal budgets. There is partnership. Support is delivered in partnership with individuals from communities. Voluntary and sequestered s electroshock therapyors the NHS and housing. Protection. Safeguarding against the take a chance of malignment or neglect1.2) Analyse the potential forget me drug up of barriers to equality and inclusions in own bea of business privation of pay IndependenceLanguageAttitudeIsolation/SegregationLack of findFear/IgnoranceBARRIERS well-disposed MythsOffensive Images of Disabled People.Lack of educationaltered housingLack of employmentOver protective familiesLabellingPrejudiceLack of anti Discrimination Legislation1.3) Analyse the concern of polity and constitution initiatives on the promotion of equality, diversity and inclusion in own bea of functionAs a coach-and-four the impact of legislation on both dish displace just now mean mature things in promoting good quality feel for ensuring that e really last(predicate) staff, families, friends and maestros argon move arounding unitedly and putting the go substance ab exploiter at the heart of helping provision, eg providing bustling patronise, promoting individuals rights, choices and wellbeing, anti-discriminatory practice, empowering inspection and repair of process users transaction with tensio ns and contradictions staff development and study practical implications of confidentiality, eg inscribeing, reporting, storing and manduction of in orchestrateation. Active promotion of anti-discriminatory practice honorable principles putting the divine good user at the heart of serve well provision, eg providing active backing consistent with the beliefs, subtlety and preferences * supporting individuals to express their needs and preferences, empowering individuals, promoting individuals rights, choices and wellbeing match individual rights with the Rights of others* dealing with conflicts identifying and ch completelyenging disparity Personal beliefs and value systems influences on, eg culture, beliefs, past events, socialisation,* environmental influences, wellness and wellbeing developing greater self-awareness and tolerance of differences committing to the anxiety value sales booth apprehensionful use of language takeings within legal, ethical and insur ance manoeuvrelines2) Be Able to Champion Diversity, Equality and inclusion2.1) Promote equality, Diversity and inclusion in policy and practise.PCP- Support plans- This is to operate entirely make out is given as the service user would like to be actualise and how they would like to be back up, when they would like to be support, where they would like to receive support, by whom they would like to support them and in that respect chosen way of support fixity Supervisions every 6-8 weeks- this is to observe lizard from each one staff member individu in ally and monitor there practises and chink that policy and procedures are being followed at all times and contend this when staff are not following concern description and guidelines and policies. yearbook Appraisals- This is to monitor per annum come up of each support worker and oblation a planned design set for the following year to promote a persons abilities and educational activity needs overly to support pr ogression in there parting. ply facts of life and periodical updates- ply develop is very important in providing staff with the tools to complete there roles in line with the care standards and the guard of all staff and service users. And ensure that the staff demonstrate this in there role and executing which is monitored through supervision and appraisals Regular updating of policy and procedures- it is important that all policies are monitored and officially review of the contents to reflect the care standards, wellness and safety, the equity and updates are made to reflect any changes in the standards and Law All staff to read and sign all policy and procedures yearly Its important that staff read and sign the policy and procedures as this outlines there responsibility in wellness and social care to follow the standards set out and that there actions are lawful and in line with the health and social care act.They must be made aware of any changes and updates and they must demonstrate that they can follow the policies in there role they must read and sign every year to rule updated weekly service users contacts- staff are encouraged to support all service users to plan and be involved in weekly service users run across the coming upon must be set out with fool goals all service uses must be given the opt unity to have input in the collision and express themselves in a form of communication that they are familiar with and all meetings must be put down and must reflect on any completed actions from the last meeting .the meeting must contain sections on organisational changes, Home changes, changes to the staff team, health and safety, visiting card planning , activities planning, Personal section for service users to raise anything they would like to raise that is specific to them, any other line of credit, and a good discussion section, service users forum Quarterly staff meetings staff are communicate of any organisational da ta, wellness and safety, changes to policy and procedures or cqc information, service users information, staff forum feedback, any other business.Good news section Regular theatre directors meetings-to keep the manager updated on organisational information,CQC information, tang at paper work or new paper work to be implemented , staffing, HR, Training, Finance, Purchasing and render each meeting entrust include all manger from each home and area managers, operations manager, managing director, maintenance manager, finance manager, train manager, and HR manager, Regular senior meetings this is to arrest consistency between each eluding and ensure information is being passed between shifts and that both shifts are receiving the uniform information this can be organisational, changes to care, input or changes from professionals changes in support plans. Structures changes ensuring that all QA is being maintained ensuring that the cleanliness of the home ismaintained and is kep t safe.2.2) gainsay dissimilarity and expulsion in policy and practise.Support plans- ensuring that all support pan reflect a person desires and wishes and are rhythmically monitored and argufy staff when record are not kept appropriately or followed correctly in line with the service users wishes and that there are no bad practises reflected in the care being given ensure that all support plan are written to reflect the persons dignity and that there wishes are respected at all times. Training- All staff complete training around inequality and the effect this has on them as a staff member and how this is to be reflected in the care they depart be providing to service users and give them the information to be able to challenge when practises are not followed or they suspect discrimination or abuse may be taking place. staff must then demonstrate there knowledge in there working practise which is monitored in the home and the training is updated yearly and this leave also work alongside our organisational policy and procedures.Supervisions-all staff receives supervisions every 6-8 weeks or weekly and monthly if the need arises this is to monitor performance and challenge any bad practise and helping to work on resolving any concerns in performance this allows the manager to support the staff to set up a training programme and look at expanding on there knowledge also look at working towards progression in there role. Concerns and complaints policy- all staff are trained on concerns and complaints and will read and sign the complaints policy we also follow our policy by providing a complaints and concerns file and guidelines to follow when fashioning a complaint or raising a concern or supporting some with a compliment or a complaint if they so wish to make one this is without prejudice and is maintained with spacious co-operation and will be amply investigated and the person will be fully notified of any outcomes.team meetings-reminding staff in staff meetings about policy and practises and informing the team of any changes to practises reminding staff about the complements and complaints file reinforcing the vastness of the policy and the sing blowing policy and what as a manager I espect from each team member in there role to providing support from discrimination or conflict. Reminding the team about our no tolerance to discrimination and that all service users, staff, visitor must be back up in a professional elbow room in line with the policy and procedure and that this is monitored by managers and shift leaders and any concerns or complaint in this area will be taken very seriously and will be dealt with following the policy which could lead to disciplinary action being taken against staff member if it is found that they are found to be involved. Appraisals- This is to monitor yearly progress of each support worker and offer a planned goal set for the following year to promote a persons abilities and training n eeds also to support progression in there role. the appraisal looks at the progression over the year looking for at training and performance and encourage support on areas of weakness.2.3) providing others with information about* The effects of Discrimination* The impact of inclusion* The Value of DiversityStaff meetings Valuing People white paper Department of health hawk meetingsCare standards frame work Human rights actJob DescriptionEquality Act policy and procedures servicing users weekly house meetingsCQCstaff forum MeetingsInternet Managers meetingsGSCCservice users forumTraining local authority2.4) promote others to challenge discrimination and exclusionEnsuring through recruitment that no applicant or employee receives less favourable intervention on the grounds of someone race, ethnic origin, religion, nationality, disability, gender, sexuality or responsibility of dependence this is reflected through the organisation through vigorous recruitment and option procedures training in policys, supervision and appraisal processesEnsuring good levels of abilities and strengths and dynamiques in staff teams slice Promoting diversity amongst the team.Good clear staff business organization descriptions and working guidelinesRegular staff meeting and senior meeting to challenge areas of concerns and offer support and encouragement to other senior staff.Quality assurance.The impact and ongoing reviews of all policy and procedure are monitored on a uninterrupted basis by our quality assurance manager who completes 6 monthly scrutinises on all the homes with in the organisation to ensure that all areas of the standards are being met and are regularly reviewed and clear evidence and record are shown. as a quality assurance manager they are responsible to ensure that the company is regularly updating on the in vogue(p) information from the government and local authorities etc as a manager it is my responsibility to ensure they are implemented in to the home to maintain high levels of health and safety and good practises and high levels of care are received in line with the care standards.Legislation and detect points insurance policy and Procedures standard of how policy and procedures are implemented in practise Example of How Compliance is monitored in the work place CARE STANDARDS CARE process 1990 * Medications policy * Fire * Environmental health * Confidentiality * health and safety * pecuniary resource * Food hygienes * Compliments and complaints * contagious disease control * Staff conduct * Pcp * Cosh * guy * Of dangerous adults * Human rights policy * Bullying and harassment * Compliment and complaints file abuse policy and riskiness assessment * Better intellectual nourishment outmatch business staff training * service user care plan * staff supervisions * music policy * service user meetings * staff meetings * service users guide * periodical training updates * monthly health and safety audits * monthly qua lity assurance observe * Service users meeting and menu planning * Supervisions arrangement of daily menu in care plan * Daily closing of better food better business file * Team meetings * dominion meetings * Monthly service users audits * Monthly care plan audits * Monthly risk assessment audits * Monthly standardisation meetings * Monthly supervisions * hebdomadal medicinal drug audits * Weekly finance audits * every year service user health checks * annual service user reviews * sestet monthly checks on hoisting facilities * Fire evacuations * Weekly vehicle checks HEATH AND well-disposed CARE ACT 2008 * Medications policy * Fire * Environmental health * Confidentiality * Health and safety * Finances * Food hygienes * Compliments and complaints * Infection control * Staff conduct * Pcp * Cosh * jest at * Of vulnerable adults* Human rights policy * Bullying and harassment * Compliment and complaints file abuse policy and risk assessment * Better food better busines s staff training * service user care plan * staff supervisions * medication policy * service user meetings staff meetings service users guide * Monthly training updates * Monthly health and safety audits * Monthly quality assurance observe * Service users meeting and menu planning * Supervisions recording of daily menu in care plan * Daily completion of better food better business file * Team meetings * Regulation 18 meetings * Monthly service users audits * Monthly care plan audits * Monthly risk assessment audits * Monthly standardisation meetings * Monthly supervisions * Weekly medication audits * Weekly finance audits * per year service user health checks * Yearly service user reviews * Six monthly checks on hoisting facilities * Fire evacuations * Weekly vehicle checks medication signing in and out of control medication * Monthly observe of risk INDERPENDENCE WELL BEING AND CHOICE 2005* Care standards act * Valuing people * advocacy * Health and safety * Finances * handl e * Human rights * advocacy * Pcp care plan * Individualised finance plans * Activity time table * Service users meetings * Transition reports * assay assessments * mixed in recruitment and selection * Personalised bedrooms * Choice of GP * Yearly medical reviews * Yearly care reviews * Weekly finance audits * Monthly risk assessment and care plan reviews * service users questionnaires * Yearly medical reviews * Service users meetings * Health and safety audits * Monthly quality assurance audits * Monthly service user reports * Staff training CODES OF CONDUCT * Codes of conduct * Human rights * show keeping * No secrets policy * health and safety * coshh * Drug and intoxicant policy * discrimination * Confidentiality * Bullying and harassments * Recruitment and selection * Disciplinary * equal probability * Abuse * finances * Codes of conduct * polity and procedures * Staff training * Supervisions * Induction * CRB * Staff references * Compliments and complaints * Statem ents of purpose * Risk assessments * Care plans* Team meetings * Red town crier * Monthly supervisions of all staff * Staff 12 week induction * Recruitment and selection * CRB * Yearly policy order * Monthly staff file observe * Health and safety audit * Monthly quality assurance audits * Monthly training * Red crier training DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY SAFEGUARDS * Deprivation of indecorum * Human rights * Abuse of a vulnerable adult * Health and safety * Whistle blowing policy * Confidentiality policy * Discrimination * Service users meetings * Choices of gender support * Pcp care plan * Mca assessments * Abuse risk assessments * Activity timetable foe each service user * Service users questionnaires * Advocacy * Policy and procedure * Staff training in want of liberty and abuse of vulnerable adults * Incident solidus reports * * Monthly audits on accident incident reports * Monthly training and yearly updates for staff * Monthly reviews of all care plans and risk assessment* Po licy and procedure revisited yearly * Monthly service users reports * Monthly health and safety audits * Advocacy * Yearly service user care reviews * Yearly health checks SUPPORTING PEOPLE * Advocacy * Pcp * Human rights * Deprivation of liberty * Compliments and complaints * Pcp care plan * Weekly service user meetings * Advocate * Compliment and complaints file * * Staff training in deprivation of liberty, human rights, pcp, complaints, safeguarding, * Monthly audits on abuse policy and service user risk assessments* Monthly care plan audits * Monthly meeting with advocates * Yearly service users reviews VALUING PEOPLE * Discrimination * Equality and diversity * Equal opportunities * Abuse of a vulnerable adult * Bullying and harassment * Human rights * Advocacy * Deprivation of liberty * Pcp care plan * Advocacy * Risk assessments and care plans around family and friends * communicating care plan * Pcp finance file * Key working meetings * Key working file and goals * Ad vocacy meetings * Monthly reviews of care plan and risk assessments * Staff training * Health and safety audits * Family contact * Service users meetings * Service users and family and friends questionnaires * Monthly key working meetings 3.) Understand how to develop systems and processes that promote diversity, equality and inclusion 3.1) Analyse how systems and processes can promote quality and inclusion or reinforce discrimination and exclusion * Using relevant legislation ant discriminatory practice to trash Racism, -Help to provide and implement policy and procedure by following legislation provided by government and cqc* durationism-as an organisation we can monitor this by providing a policy and awaness amongst the staff team and ensure our own practises reflect this by ensuring a robust recruitment process that promotes the policys* Sexism-the organisation will rubbish this by providing a robust policy and reflect this in our practises and processes with regular monitori ng and providing good systems to challenge sexism with in the company.* In-house policies-all in house policies will be written and implemented with a no tolerance to discrimination with in the organisation with clear procedure to combat any discrimination that may be suffered by a vigorous complaint and whistle blowing procedure , all staff will work and follow all guidelines set out, training will provided with yearly updates* Codes of practice- support organisations to provide clear working guidelines for staff to prevent discrimination and providing quality care while ensuring that all staff and service users are supported in a diverse environment and are respected and provided with full support in an environment that is of benefit to there support and needs and promotes there wishes and desires without discrimination and all information and care is supplied in a confidential vogue in line with the data protection act.* Audit of practice-As the manager I am responsible to ensur e that all care is monitored and the quality of care and service provided is to a high standard in line with care standards. and this is monitored regularly by revaluating policy and procedure updating information in line with care standards 6 monthly visits from quality assurance manager who will look through everything and evaluate against cqc requirements to ensure we are lotion all areas. If we comply then we are given a helping if we are not fully compliant we are given dates to ensure that this is completed then revisited by QA manager.* Staff appraisals- This is to monitor yearly progress of each support worker and offer a planned goal set for the following year to promote a persons abilities and training needs also to support progression in there role. the appraisal looks at the progression over the year looking at training and performance and encourage support on areas of weakness.* Client/family questionnaire actions from questionnaire results yearly questionnaires are displace out to families to monitor the quality of the care provided .service users also are supported to complete this questionnaire also a questionnaire about the menu and choices available ect once the questionnaires are gather as the manager I will look at any areas that require actions or areas that may be of concerns and look at rectifying this staff are also given a questionnaire to look at what support is provided and how we can make changes to provide better support to staff.* Sharing good practice and partnership working- communicating understandably with other managers and homes and sharing ideas. proving support to outside agencies providing information working tom consistent plans when supporting service users this can be through during managers meeting, QA visits etc professional meetings friends an family visits.3.2) evaluate the effectiveness of systems and processes in promoting equality and diversity and inclusion in own area of responsibility. * Specific improvem ents to individual Service Users/staff monitoring through team meeting and supervisions, reviews* Health- this can be monitored through regular heath checks and monthly service users reports staff meetings and supervisions, service users meeting and key working meetings. care plan reviewing* Self esteem-evaluating changes to service users moods and input in to involvement and challenge this look at this with gp as could be medical set some goals have a review meeting with care manager and possible advocacy maybe an agreement to how the service users is involved and participates.* Self-concept-this can be monitor through questionnaires and family questionnaires , family communication, service users meeting, key working meeting* Staff happiness and productivity- this is monitored through evaluating paper work and structure with in the home. Supervision, appraisals questionnaires , sickness levels and staff moral* Timescales-are monitored through regular meetings and supervision to mon itor progress* Effective communication of others- checking that the system in place are being used correctly and that staff are following guidelines set out reviewing this through team meetings and supervision monitoring performance of individuals etc* Evaluations and use of for reforms in processes and systems- regular monitoring and evaluating team meeting getting staff on board with system monitoring to ensure that they are working and that staff are finding them useful tools or reviewing the way they are used3.3) Propose improvement to address gaps or shortfalls in systems and processes. As a manager I am responsible for monitoring and qualification changes in areas that require changes in the care we are supporting, I do this by evaluating weekly monthly and arranging meetings encourage staff involvementensuring any shortfall mare addressed to a timescale and making sure that the team are involved to make it fecund * Plans* Team meeting* Roles and responsibilities* Timescales * Audit policy reform* Allocation of resources4.) Be able to manage the risks presented when balancing individuals rights and professional duty of care.4.1) Describe ethical dilemmas that may arise in own area of responsibility when balancing individual rights and duty of care. As the manager I have the responsibility and duty of care to ensure the service users are receiving good quality care in line with the care standards while promoting independence and PCP, I am also responsible for positively representing Dolphin homes and I do this by ensuring that all staff , visitors and service users are fully supported in a positive manner in line with care standards and staff are provided with guidelines and policy and procedures that maintains there safety and the safety of the service users and home while promoting individuality, friendly supportive environment and offer counselor-at-law freedom of speech and offer support to staff to grow in there role and promote progression .Provid ing and supporting staff with training ensure all staff receive 6-8 weekly supervisions and yearly appraisals often there are areas of conflict but as a manager I have to manage this in a professional manner that is non detrimental to the service users and staff where possible. Below are areas where this can happen and the impotence of following policy and procedure available and regular monitoring?* Confidentiality versus disclosure* Protection issues relating to individuals and to communities * Sharing data between professionals* Conflicts between principles of good practice and the values of others this can be very apparent where families are heavily involved in therechilds care * Rights and responsibilities of users of the service versus care workers and others * Challenging behaviour* Conflict* Facilitator* Advocate* consultant* Counsellor* Mentor* Personal values and beliefs* Legal responsibilities4.2) explained the principles of informed choice.Is that everyone has the oppor tunity to make choices that will effect them as a manager it is very important that all service users are given this opportunity to do this in a form of communication that they understand. And judgment should not be considered informed choices must be proven to be provided where possible and be non conflicting from other individual unless proven to be in the best interest of the service users however evidence should support this. Below is a list of people who may be involved in making choices and what is considered when making choices and how the choices will be implemented .* Professional* Family* Individual* The ancient* Enabling environment* Supporting others to make informed choices about the run they receive making an informed choice * Implementing an informed choice* decisiveness making for both short term and long term* assimilation* Values* Views* Unbiased information* Evidence-based information* Options4.3) Explain how issues of individuals capacity may affect informed c hoice.Below is a list of concerns that may go to the capacity of an individual around making informed choices and how this would be considered. This is done in the best interest of the person and is without prejudice.* Physical health* Mental health* The law* Social class* Culture* Religion* Age* Ability* Gender* Location* Family support* Carer support* Social mobility* Communication and interpersonal skills* Education* Financial situation* Criminal background* Social Background4.4) propose a strategy to manage risks when balancing individuals rights and duty of care in own area of responsibility As the manager it is my responsibility to ensure that in the interest of the service users choices are considered in the interest of the individual and that this process in only followed once the following have been assessed first, this provides evidence that the person has been fully supported in all areas by the home before decision are made* Risk assessment* Appropriate procedures* Acti on plans* Team meetings* observe and review* Relevant legislation* Roles and responsibilities* Partnership working to include family and friends* Staff job description* Quarterly questionnaires* Compliments and complaints* Staff forum meetings* Monthly service users meetings* Training* Policy and procedures* Supervision* Appraisals* Service users reviews* PCP Meetings* Health Review* Advocacy

The Code of Hammurabi

After the fall of the third dynasty of Ur, faggot Hammurabi came to power in ancient Babylon from 1792 to 1750 BC. As an influential ruler, he utter(a) many things, including the reunification of Mesopotamia. His interest in state affairs and his judgement of himself as a shepard to his bulk almost likely led to his sterling(prenominal) contri only whenion to Mesopotamian life, the Code of Hammurabi. The 282 honors mainly focus on responsibilities of public officials, standards for agribusiness and commerce, expectations for women, and regulations of sexual relations.Hammurabi believed that the laws were sent by the gods, which explains their strict expectations. In addition, the laws generally watch out the philosophy of an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth, revealing the importance of a strict justice system in Mesopotamian hostelry and establishing the authority of the gods and the state. Overall, the punishments were real harsh, with most offenses resulting in dea th or disfigurement.Although todays legal standards greatly discord from those of 18th degree centigrade BC, the Code of Hammurabi can be seen as the asylum for innovative day Western legal codes. One reason wherefore modern clubhouses legal system differs from Hammurabis is because the belief of order in society and, even, in the family has changed greatly. While there argon still economic classes today, they are not judged diametrically in the court of law. In ancient Babylon the amicable classes of the offender and victim were factors in determining the severity of the penalty.Family life has alike changed from a power based (patriarchal) system to a more nurturing and corroboratory (unified) atmosphere. For example, during Hammurabis reign, if a son were to hit his father, he would be punished by having his hand cut off. In todays society this would be considered cruel and laughable. Except in extreme situations, the law would not even gain reason to get involved. S uch is the case for many of the 18th century BCs codes. Mahatma Ghandi made this distinction clear when he said, An eye for an eye makes the solely world blind. Modern legal codes aim more at consequences that forget help change the behavior, as opposed to punishments that get back at the offender. Despite the differences, Hammurabis approach to justice was very influential to the development of modern Western legal systems. They were not the first set of laws of this time, but they were the most structured and thorough. In other cultures the law was simply whatever the queer said it was, which inevitably would change depending on certain factors.However, with Hammurabis laws set in stone and displayed for everyone to see, it was clear what was expected of the people. This concept of a fixed law is the primary similarity between Hammurabis legal codes and those of today. In addition, the code of Hammurabi set up that there be a make for in law. Because there were immediately p enalties for wrongfully accusing another, it made people think twice onward bringing up false charges against somebody. In modern society, specifically the U. S. , this concept is found in the fifth amendment under the clause without due process.The Code of Hammurabi may seem harsh when applying it to modern society, but since values, practices, and standards were different at that time, it really wasnt too far fetched. The inhabitants of Mesopotamia valued the individual rights of the people and the means by which to protect those rights. Even though the process may be different today, the general goal of establishing justice within the society is the same. Hammurabi not only marked his place in Babylonian history, but also throughout the world, by constituting a model of moral codes that civilizations would twin(a) for centuries.

Peer-reviewed journal articles Essay

Purpose The purpose of this concession is to familiarize you with peer-reviewed diary clauses published in psychological journals. By completing this engagement, you will memorize how psychologists conduct enquiry and communicate their findings. You will also learn how to critique psychological explore. This appellative is worth a possible 50 points. The scoring rubric for this designation is on the last page of this document. Directions (Part I) This is a two-part appellative and in this origin part of the assignment, you are to review, and analyze the Stanley Milgram article provided by your professor. The complete character reference for this article is Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol 67(4), 371-378. inside 10.1037/h0040525 General Information A peer-reviewed journal article has the following major sections Title page, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, References, Table and Figure s. The abstract for this article is a summary program line that highlights the information in the Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections of this research article. Before you can induce piece of music your critique assignment, you will need to read and understand the Stanley Milgram article. hither are your guidelines for writing your critique assignment This paper should be tercet pages in length, including your cover page. Please note your instructor will memorial a mandatory library form session for your class. Use the American Psychological Associations (APA) Style Manual (6th edition), create a page that includesRunning headPage numberTitle of conditionYour nameClassProfessors nameHint physical exercise Word to set-up/format your paper for APA style writing Write an incoming for your paper that includes the followingWho conducted the study?Why they conducted the study?Who were the subjects?What did the researchers hope to learn from their findings?What research methods were used?What were there results?Write a two split up critique that includesThe research methods used and findingsHow the study relates to the Psychology 1010 social class, andWhat impact the research findings have had on you as a student in this course?Assignment ScheduleLibrary Session either in class or onlineLearn how to access databasesLearn about which journals are relevant to your major area Complete the PGCCs Library Plagiarism and APA tutorials abbreviate quizIn class or online small(a) group activities discern percentages of the Milgram Study See Critique Assignment I Write your maiden draft and share it with your assigned peer-reviewer Re-write your 2nd draft and submit to your instructor for feedback Submit your final paper to your instructor for a grade gain RUBRIC FOR CRITIQUE I ASSIGNMENTGrading Criteria- Please see the rubric below. This assignment is worth a possible 50 points. CRITERIA A B C D FAnalysis of the Components of a explore Arti cle (i.e., problem statement, hypotheses, methodology, results and discussion) and a Critique of the importance of the article for the even out and the general common 15 pointsPresents a native epitome of all components of a research article ( i.e., statement of the problem, hypotheses, methodology, results, discussion, and a slender digest of the importance of the research for the discipline and the general public (14-15 points) Presents a thorough analysis of three components of a research article and includes a full of life analysis of the importance of the research for the discipline and the general public (12-13 points) Presents an analysis of two of the components of a research article and omits critical components of the research article and the critical analysis (10-11 points)Presents analysis of at least one component the research article and identifies at least one component of the critical analysis (i.e. states the importance of the study for the discipline and or the general public (8-9 points) No undertakes are made to present an analysis of the components of the research article or to a critically analyze the importance of the study set (0 points)Peer-reviewed Journal Article is integrated in the critique assignment 15 points Psychology peer-reviewed journal article is used to write the critique assignment the research article is data-driven and fully integrated in the critique assignment(14-15 points) Psychology peer-reviewed journal article is data-drive and integrated in the critique assignment(12-13 points) Psychology peer-reviewed journal article is only mentioned in body of try on and not fully integrated into the critique assignment(10-11 points) Psychology peer-reviewed journal article is only mentioned in reference list (8-9 points) No psychological science peer-reviewed journal is used(0 points)General Writing Skills (i.e., syntax and mechanics) 10 points Uses college take aim writing that skillfully communicates meaning to readers with clarity and fluency, and is error-free (9-10 points) Uses college level writing that principally conveys meaning to readers. The writing has 1 3 errors (8 points) Uses college level writing that primarily conveys meaning to readers with clarity, although writing has 4 6 errors (7 points) Does not use college level writing consistently throughout the assignment and this sometimes impedes the meaning of the text because of 7-10 errors in usage and spelling(6 points) Do not use college level writing and is generally unresponsive to the task(s) because of errors in usage and spelling (0 points)APA set10 points Demonstrates detailed attention to and successful execution of psychological writing task including organization, content, showing, formatting and stylistic choices ( 9-10 points) Demonstrates consistent use of important conventions circumstance to psychological writing task including organization, content, presentation, and stylistic choices (8 points) Foll ows expectations appropriate to psychological l writing task for basic organization, content and presentation (7 points ) Attempts to use a consistent system for basic organization and presentation (6 points ) No attempt to use a basic format for organization or presentation

How is my life compared to living in the Dominican Republic?

Living in capital of Indonesia is not that different than living in the Dominican Republic. For example, they some(prenominal) defecate akin geographic features, weather etc. Most mint achieve money in the same ways, and the types of homes great deal live in are probably the same.The Dominican Republic worry Jakarta is situated more or less the north of the equator, making the weather hot and humid. This also way of life that two countries watch convectional rain (a type of rain cycle, for countries around the equator). Since they are twain situated near the equator, they gestate two main normalizes, the wet season and the dry season.The Geographic features in Jakarta are very similar to the geographic features in the Dominican Republic. Like Jakarta it has soaring mussiness Ranges and in places vast green fertile land and beautiful beaches. This influences the tourism rate for both of these countries, which means the pollution rate in both countries is very high. Du e to this, both these countries are considered third world countries. both(prenominal) these countries are in the ring of fire, meaning thither are a great deal of volcanic eruptions. This influences people a lot, because they need to know what to do if a volcano explodesJakarta and the Dominican Republic, being both very vile countries, suffer from money problems. There are two main communities in these countries. Firstly the rich. These people have big, high up jobs, earn very much of money and live in big houses. The poor have fiddling roadside stalls and live in mud houses and slums. They earn slightly 2months of the rich persons salary in one year. Both these countries are steadily growing, but help is needed for those who need help. The people who have no arms or legs, people with money issues etc.The roads in both these countries are of a poor standard. The big main roads have only a small amount of lanes, meaning that people drive on the line, meaning MASSIVE barte r jams. The smaller roads are full of pyholes, which is a massive danger to all motorcyclists, who like cutting the line. It can cause severe injuries or maybe heretofore death. The drainage systems are extremely inefficient Since these countries are next to the equator (this means they have two main seasons, the rainy season and the dry season) during the rainy season, roads would have floods, meaning people are stuck in traffic jams for 4-5 hours.The availability of water and electricity come in vast quantities to the rich. For the poor, they get electricity but it will go of or hours on end. This influences people because they have to get used to playing outside and entertaining themselves for the tome when there is no electricity. The water they get comes from the rain. Thats why on the roads many people pray that it rains. In Jakarta especially, people count on rice. They dont consider it a meal, if there is no rice.In conclusion, both these countries have similar living style s, and are similar in many ways. also both these countries, since they are poor need help, so they can extend and live like most 1st world countries.

Theories and goals of education don’t matter a whit if you don’t consider your students to be human beings

The book entitled, A Loss for Words, by Lou Ann footnote, tells the fantastic tale of how a child transmits with the disabilities of her parents (Walker 1987).The protagonist of the tale, Lou Ann Walker, narrates her experiences of how she acted as the ears and was the voice for her desensitise parents. While the family setting was warm, loving and typical of most happy families, the challenges that Lou Ann Walker and her parents had to face outside the house constantly challenged their character (Walker 1987).The story revolves well-nigh the experiences of Lou Ann Walker who was born in the American Midwest in 1952 and recounts the experiences she has as one of the three daughters who were capable of hearing of Gale and Doris Jean Walker who were both deafened as infants due to illnesses.The inspiring tale of how she served as the forte for interactions for her parents with the outside world. Id seen plenty of families where there was more talk and less love, (Walker 1987) as t he author declares when she recalls how warm it was in their home in spite of the hearing disabilities of her parents.The book is not above the frustrations that people have to deal with when they are outcast and misunderstood and Lou Ann Walker is able to show this through the lighthearted narration of just how crude and condescending the reactions of people were to the rent of her parents.The manner of education that her parents got, while seemingly different for those who are unaware of the circumstances of the hearing impaired, showed just how difficult yet heartwarming it was. The sweetie is in the narration of the tale as it seeks to embed itself in the hearts of its readers and finds a way to bring the comfort and warmth of the authors own family to the reader.ReferencesWalker, Lou Ann (1987) Loss for Words The Story of Deafness in a Family Harper Perennial ISBN 0060914254 

The Re-inscription of Identity: Black Affirmation

Toni Morrisons novel, de arst, was set at a era when slain truth was still an reli able practice. atomic number 53 of the effects of slavery on the slaves was the stripping off of their identities. This was the fortune beca delectation they were non perceived as mankinds with the privilege of having their let identity. They were de valetized and determinationified as a mere species of animals peer little that is treated as property. Afri tail end-Americans, for case, were non given over individual identities or names. This was portrayed when capital of Minnesota D mentioned his br differents capital of Minnesota A and capital of Minnesota F.It emphasized how they were treated as interchangeable pieces that can save be distinguish by letters such as exhibits in a courtroom or identical items on a list. This was also portrayed in the scene where the school instructor came to claim Sethe bottom later on she get byd. It was sh protest through his perspective how he key outs any the baleful multitude in the society as nameless niggers provided to be differentiated by what they wear. Only when the perspective was electric switched to the African-Americans pull up stakes the readers realize that the feminine churl referred to by the schoolteacher as the nigger with the flower hat was queer Suggs.The absence of a name signifies a denial of her pieceity the slave know never c both their slaves by names. They were treated as objects that be defined. Everything moldiness be given or bestowed upon them. Morrison points to the fact that the jungle was in truth created by the ovalbumin plurality, who annihilated the ace of egotism-importancehood and humanity in the slaves White spate believed that whatever the manners, under every dark skin was a jungle. fast unnavigable waters, swinging screaming baboons, sleeping snakes, red gums ready for their unfermented egg white blood.. . . scarcely it wasnt the jungle benighteds brought with them to this place from the separate place. It was the jungle white folks planted in them. And it grew. It spread. The screaming baboon lived under their put one over white skin the red gums were their give birth. (Morrison, 198-199) The novel shows both main patterns of electric resistance to slavery. These are escape and murder. Escape was sh experience as the primary form of resistance. al almost of the slaves in the novel resorted to escape or at least assay to escape when things started to amaze unbearable for them.Escape was resorted to when sustenance has be do increasingly embarrassing for them. This however was not easy to do. For instance, Paul D move legion(predicate) convictions to escape, yet fai direct almost every condemnation. The only time he succeeded to escape was when he was in prison house house. In prison, he was kept in a small box on the ground at iniquity only to be let out(p) during the twenty-four hour period where he was owned to charm while chained to other prisoners. One night, a powerful rainstorm came beat up down. This was the chance that they chooseed. The storm facilitated their escape.To escape heart and soul to slip or subscribe to a guidance as from confinement or restraint to succeed in avoiding or to elude ones memory, notice, search, etc. (Random House Websters College Dictionary, 1992, p. 455). Escaping has also been defined as to get free from flight, from prison or other confinement or restraint to regain ones liberty, to find release from worries, troubles, or responsibilities it is the act of getting free from prison or other confinement, from pursuit from a pursuer, etc. (Longmans modern-day incline Dictionary, 1968, p.354). Not only Paul D, alone Sethe as well, two escaped from the confinements of slavery. In psychology, escape has been oft resorted to as a means to avoid aversive stimulus or conditions, commonly referred to as escape learn. In psychoanalysis, escape cond itioning is a form of aversive conditioning where unpleasant or odious stimuli are avoided (Bateman and Holmes, 1995 Marthe, 1968). It occurs when an aversive stimulus is presented and the theater of operations responds by leaving the stimulus situation.In laboratory experiments, escape conditioning is most typically tested with animals such as rats which are placed in a box wherein they receive a jolt or a shock when they come into contact with one of the boxs walls. In a comprehend, the experience of the African-Americans under slavery is similar to the compulsive get hold of of a laboratory specimen seeking to avoid further painful or aversive stimuli (Bateman and Holmes, 1995). In the novel, Sethe displays elements of escape conditioning when she go throughs a frightful shock when she becomes aware that the school teacher and his nephews befuddle come after her and her sons.The other form of resistance to slavery shown in the sustain is murder. When Paul D was sold to a raw master, he attempted to tear the last mentioned because of the abuses make to him. In fact, that was the reason why he was sent to prison in the setoff place. Another instance of this as shown in the book was when Sethe vote outed her own child. When Sethes master came after Sethe and her children, Sethe ran into the shed where she and her children were hiding. When she got there, Sethe killed her own queer girl beloved and tried to kill her other children Howard, Buglar, and capital of Colorado as well.Even though this sounds horrific, Sethes motive was that she would much rather kill her children rather than remove them go thorn to be slaves. She only managed to wound Buglar and Howard. Sethe tried to throw capital of Colorado once against a wall, precisely Stamp Paid stepped in and managed to save capital of Colorados life history. Schoolteachers mien indicates one of the carriages the black were dehumanized by the whites. They were treated wish dispensable objects, and yet worse than animals.For instance, Sixo was beaten up not apparently because he stole something, further also because he tried to bump into into the position of the Definer. Since Sixo was smart, and had such a advantageously command of language and logic, the Schoolteacher felt it was necessary to beat him up since his intelligence posed as a threat to the white mans control of speech. Sethe and her children lead a hard-fought life under Schoolteacher and decided to escape on the belowground Railroad. Sethe sent three of her children ahead on the Railroad, and stayed behind to wait for Halle.She at last joined her children. Her tedious journey included walking pass a row of young black boys, who were hung by their necks in a row. One of those black boys was most uniformly Paul A. Sethe continues to address her dead baby child Beloved in her mind. She keeps rationalizing and repeating to herself everything she had to go through and suffer through to get to h er children. More distinguished than losing her milk, or the beatings that she got from the Schoolteachers nephew, was the painful instance when Sethe everyplaceheard the Schoolteacher talking astir(predicate) her.He made a distinction among Sethes human and non-human characteristics. If anything, in the onetime(prenominal) Sethe may get down felt they were being objectified, solely to actually hear Schoolteacher talk of them as human and at the same time not human, shook her to the very core. It jarred her into realizing that these whites will never see them as equals, that they will always be objects to use and manipulate. This experience triggered the growing unease and conflict within Sethe, and signifies what she must take aim felt right before she murdered her baby.After audience the Schoolteacher speak of her that, she was overcome with terror at the thought of allowing her children to lead a life-time of dehumanizing treatment. How Sethe affirms herself in the mur derous act Despite the fact that she killed beloved and attempted to kill her other 3 children, Sethe still firmly believes that she did the right thing. In her mind, her children were better off dead rather than have them go back to a life of slavery under Schoolteacher. In an oddly distorted way, Sethes love for her children was so much that she could no eagle-eyeder distinguish where the dry land ended and where she began.She felt that as their experience, she had should have complete control over their fate, and in fact, she felt that as their mother, she had to step in so that she may control their fate even if it meant killing them. Quite obviously, the fate she treasured for her children was one that did not involve slavery. She wanted to guarantee her childrens safety even if it meant killing them. Thus, for her, she was protecting her children, protecting the only thing she has that is pure and deserving saving as mentioned in the book Anybody white could take your solely self for anything that came to mind.Not except work, kill, or maim you, simply dirty you. disgusting you so bad you couldnt like yourself anymore. And though she and others lived through and got over it, she could never let it happen to her own. The best things she was, was her children. Whites might dirty her all right, only when not her best thing, her beautiful, magical best thing &8212 the part of her that was clean. (Morrison, 251) Unfortunately, contempt this protective motivation, Sethes act efficaciously denies her daughter the chance to live. In effect, she appropriates on her own her daughters yet unrealized subjectivity.Sethes act has been defined as hold in by its re transaction to a commodifying ideology It is always in similarity to the place of the Other that colonial thirst is articulated the phantasmic space of self-control that no one subject can singly or fixedly occupy, and therefore permits the dream of the inversion of intents (Bhabha, 44). It is uncontrollable for the reader to assume a moral high ground in this situation and to criticize Sethes action as playing god. There was nothing god-like at all rough Sethe and her conditions.Before she killed Beloved, the novel described in graphic detail the pathetic that Sethe and her people went through. Beyond the physical suffering, what was truly deplorable was the mental and emotional suffering Sethe went through of know and feeling in every bone in their body that other human beings did not treat them as human beings simply because of the color of their skin. She mistakes her own identity with her motherhood, and thus, in a way, reenacts the hysteria of the white masters against her.Sethe feels she has no power over her own self because the white people had crossed all the boundaries and not only interpreted everything she possessed physically, but everything she had dreamed as well Those white things have taken all I had or dreamed, she said, and broke my hearts trings too. There is no bad luck in the valet but whitefolks. (Morrison, 89) It is obvious that the whitefolks are bad luck, that is, for the black slaves they were the instruments of destiny itself, trough the power have over their lives.Thus, when Sethe kills her infant daughter, she obviously acts, although out of love, as a white master would. Bhabhas theory of the colonial subject represents both the colonized and the colonizer in defining that colonial subject position as chemise rather than fixed. In the creation of a colonial subjecthood, the positions of master and slave not only define each other, but can shift into an inversion of roles (Mohanty, 1995). Sethe does not hold much hope in the knowledge domain changing, and abhors the thought of her children being treated as animals.She couldnt bear the thought of her children perpetual the animal-like slavery that her people were reduced to, and felt thus that she was justified in wanting them dead. Slavery was all about the whites laying claim on the African-Americans, and this concept of ownership Sethe decided to take upon her own hands with suppose to her children. Since the whites did not make any distinction among the African-Americans, with the latter being labored to ignore the distinction between ones self and others since they were all lumped together as objects, Sethe used this same mindset when she killed Beloved.In Sethes mind, taking Beloveds life was as if she took her own. It is a possessive love that is, admittedly, dangerous, but it is not wholely evil. It is fuelled by desperation. An interrogatory of Freuds Oedipus interlocking may help to understand Sethes feelings towards her children, particularly Beloved. The intricate sack up of bail bond between the mother and daughter often makes self-identification among both the mother and the daughter hard to grasp (Bowlby, 1999). The mothers need for primal love causes her to become overly attached to her daughter, defining th e daughter as an extension of herself, and not as a separate individual.As result, the mother projects her unfulfilled aspirations and expectations onto her daughter, which inhibits the daughter from forming her own unique identity (Bettelheim, 1983 Rieff, 1979). In Sethes case, this proscription is not merely an inhibition on Beloved from forming her own identity she effectively prevents Beloved from having her own identity to begin with by killing her. Clearly, Sethes unfulfilled aspiration is a life free from slavery, and this aspiration she transfers upon her children.The motivation is certainly not evil, but in hoping for a better life for her daughter, Sethe deprives Beloved of the chance to live, of the form her own unique identity. The Oedipus complex as exemplified in Freuds principles finds jump in Bhabhas theory of the colonial subject wherein Sethe appropriates on her own her daughters yet unrealized subjectivity (Mohanty, 1995). Sethe didnt want her daughter to be w hipped, and to be worked to the ground. She especially did not want her daughters characteristics to be listed and broken down into human and non-human traits.Sethes love for her children makes it difficult for her to get laid or recognize her own self and her own self-worth aside(p) of her affinity to others, and particularly outside her role as a mother. This is something that Sethe cannot be entirely blamed for. The culture of slavery she had been born into precisely refused to acknowledge an individuals own self and self respect. In treating the blacks as animals, the whites have effectively purged many of them of the ability to deal themselves as individuals deserving of respect.How capital of Colorado discovers herself out of 124 when she leaves the house and becomes a part of the community Denver, Sethes child, has clear memories about the time when she used to attend school. When Denver was only 7, she walked away from home and shew herself in the home of Lady Jones, a mulatto woman who taught reading, writing, and math to black children. Denvers year of schooling ended when Nelson Lord asked her the question and right after, when Denver asked her mother Sethe the question, Denver became deaf.She failed to hear her mothers answer, or anything else for that matter, for two days. She only regained her hearing when she heard the baby ghost crawling up the stairs. After this, Denver realized what her mother had done. This made her fear the first step of the reoccurrence of what happened that tragic day. hailly the time, Im afraid the thing that happened that made it all right for my mother to kill my sister could happen again. I dont know what it is, I dont know who it is, but maybe there is something else terrible enough to make her do it again.I need to know what that thing might be, but I dont want to. whatever it is, it comes from outside this house, outside the yard, and it can come right on in the yard if it wants to. So I never leave thi s house and I watch over the yard, so it cant happen again and my mother wont have to kill me too. (Morrison, 205) One day, Denver in conclusion decided that she had to go for help. Beloved is destroying her mother they are all locked in a love that wore everybody out, and Denver is afraid for her mothers life.She finds the courage to leave the yard of 124 for the first time since she was seven, and she makes her way to Lady Jones. Sethe was consumed by her attention for Beloved. Beloved . . . never got enough of anything lullabies, new stitches, the bottom of the cake bowl, the top of the milk. . . . When Sethe ran out of things to give her, Beloved invented desire (Morrison, 240). The one time Denver had ventured away from 124 was that year when she was seven years old and had found Lady Jones. She ventures out of the 124 yard again after regaining her hearing and looks for Lady Jones again.The mulatto woman remembers Denver, and tries to help her in her own way. In the weeks th at followed, Denver kept finding baskets with food in them, and brusque scraps of paper bearing the senders names. She returns the baskets and gives her thanks to the senders. This allows Denver to get bit by bit get to know the black community in Cincinnati a world outside the 124. As her world expands, Denver transforms from being a shy, bumbling girl to flourish into a strong, independent young woman. She is driven by her resolve to save her mother Sethe and to take care of her.Denvers relationship with her mothers bares elements of Freuds Oedipal complex theory (Isbister, 1965). According to psychoanalytical theory, a female never totally relinquishes her pre-oedipal attachment to her mother, and these unresolved feelings surface not only in adolescence but also in adulthood. Through mothering, the adult female re-enters what is called the oedipal triangle, which is the attachment she experiences with her fuck off and mother during childhood, but instead of being the child , she now becomes the mother (Lawler, 2000 Wyatt, 1993 Pigman, 1995).In Denvers case, the attachment she experiences with Sethe has resulted in an evolution of their relationship wherein Denver assumes the role of the mother, the protector, of Sethe. For the first time in her life, Denver also begins to understand her mothers actions and the impact of their past. The community who secures Sethes release from the past and exorcises Beloved In the novel, we see how Sethe takes her first weak steps towards recognizing her own sense of self. Bit by bit, at 124 and in the Clearing, along with others, she had claimed herself. Freeing yourself was one thing claiming ownership of that freed self was another.(Morrison, 95) It starts to dilate when she runs away from the Sweet Home woodlet. During the 28 days of freedom she undergo after she fled, Sethe felt exhilarated. For the first time in her life, she was allowed to be selfish. For the first time, her life was her own to live. More tha n anything, she felt that her children were truly her own, because in the plantation they were all owned embodiedly. Sethes community both perpetuates the legacy of slavery and plays an important role in the process of the collapsement of her own sense of subjectivity.Sethe had had xxviii days of unslaved life Days of healing, ease and real-talk. Days of company knowing the names of forty, fifty other Negroes, their views, habits where they had been and what they had done of feeling their fun and trouble along with her own, which made it better All taught her how it felt to wake up at dawn and decide what to do with the day Bit by bit along with the others, she had claimed herself. Freeing yourself was one thing claiming ownership of that freed self was another (Morrison, 95). Morrisons concept of an unslaved life means a life with the freedom to develop ones subjectivity.This process is closely connected to inclusion in and participation with ones community (Knapp, 1989). Even though Sethe freed herself, she cannot claim ownership of that freed self alone. The people rough her in the community play an important role in teaching her how to be herself because prior to her freedom, Sethe had learned, through coercion, the lessons of invisibility, silence, and submission. Unfortunately, the community displays warped codes of morality, and eventually led to their collective desertion of Sethe at a time when she necessitate them the most.The flow at Baby Suggs was taken as a sign of pride, and the day after the party, the community waits, and even hopes, for Sethes downfall. Somehow the members of the black community compute that Baby Suggs has not suffered in slavery as they have suffered, and this ignorance of their joint history makes mutual trust impossible (Scruggs, 103). This attitude of the community displays their collective unconscious. Jungs theory of the collective unconscious represents what has been described as the psychic hereditary patter n (Jung, 2006). It is the collection of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are born with.Since we can never be directly conscious of it, it influences all of our experiences and behaviors, particularly the emotional ones, but we only know about it indirectly, by looking at the influences (Jung, 2006 Knapp, 1989 Halbwachs, 1992). The African-Americans colonial past of slavery is a collective experience with a deeply rooted impact that they may not all be directly conscious of in terms of how it affects how they view themselves and their own community. It becomes manifest in their behavior, and from their behavior can one only really trace the influences of their colonial past.The green-eyed monster, or envy, of the community, lead to the withdrawal of the communitys support from Sethe. Their silence during the appearance of the Schoolteacher at 124, which resulted in Sethes murder of her daughter, and the way they ostracized Sethe afterwards, indicated the communit ys need to see a successful black familys downfall. Yet it is this jealousy which indirectly causes Sethe to perform the act for which they themselves, the community, could not allow itself to morally yield her for a long time. The community however eventually shows a sense of guilt with what happened to Sethe and her family.They participate in exorcising Beloved, indicating that the tragedy of Beloveds death was not just the responsibility of Sethe and the whites who came to get her, but of the entire black community. After all, the black community must have known that the Schoolteacher and his nephews were coming for Sethe and her children, but they took no steps to warn her. Four white people rode towards 124, with a certain look about them, and everyone who saw them knew what they meant and what they came for. Yet the community did not do anything, driven perhaps by what Stamp believed was jealousy of Baby Suggs and from the feast weeks before.The 28 days of freedom Sethe exper ienced were followed by 18 years of disapproval by the community, and she lived a static and solitary life (Morrison, 173). Sethe herself describes this lonely come throughence as unlivable (Morrison, 173). When she decided to kill her child and thus protect Beloved from the unlivable life of slavery, Sethe herself returns to a life in which she is unable to learn to claim her freed self. Beloved returned in the flesh, and it actually became the go againstutic for Sethe who had been ostracized by the community for 18 long years for what she had done to her daughter.Sethe was struck with guilt for having killed Beloved, and looked for ways to make up for it by welcome the resurrection of Beloved. In this way, Sethe chose to dwell in the past, and Beloved became the symbol that effectively removed(p) Sethes link with the murder of her child. The decision to exorcist Beloved was something that the entire community practically participated in. Sethes reliance on Beloved has prevented her from pitiable on and leaving her past behind. An exorcism of Beloved meant an exorcism of the past a much- require step to make room for Sethes own self-realization.Exorcism consequently was an especially communal act, and the exorcism of Beloved makes a strong statement. She represents the legacy of slavery that had marked the blacks past, and it is something that the entire community must contend with (Scruggs, 1992). Sethe, long after Beloveds death, constantly relives and rehashes her life of slavery, perhaps to justify to herself again and again why she killed her own child. This self-inflicted torture of reliving her past causes Sethe to almost kill the oppressor not the Schoolteacher, but Mr. Bodwin who merely happens to be white as well.Sethe needed to face her past and to step outside the confines of her terrible history. Beloved returns to 124 for the same reason she came to haunt Sethe to force her mother to confront her past. Sethe cannot bypass through the con fines of her past without finding some resolution in her relationship with her daughter. Sethe was incapable of personal growth for 18 long years because she refused to face her own commodification and its deep implications. Jungs theory of the personal unconscious includes anything which is not presently conscious, but can be (Jung, 2006).The personal unconscious is like most peoples understanding of the unconscious in that it includes both memories that are considerably brought to mind and those that have been suppressed for some reason (Hayman, 1999). In this case, Sethes forbiddance of her colonial past was dominated by her own guilt in murdering her own daughter. Freuds concept of rationalization provides for the cognitive distortion of fact to make an event or an impulse less threatening. People do this often on a fairly conscious level when we provide ourselves with excuses.These defenses or justifications may be seen as a combination of denial or repression with various ki nds of rationalizations. Defenses are lies which take us further and further away from the truth and ultimately, from reality. At a certain point, Freud points out, the ego can no longer take care of the ids demands, or pay attention to the superegos (Freud, 1963). The anxieties come rushing back, and the person who harbors these defenses and justifications eventually break down or fall (Gay, 1988 Jones, 1961).In Sethes case, her rationalization of her daughters murder and her denial of the colonial forces in her life go on to block the development of her own subjectivity. Beloveds physical presence and the ensuing relationship between her and Sethe eventually forces the latter to acknowledge the internalized colonization that she had for the longest time denied. To enjoy total freedom, Sethe needed to claim freedom within her own mind by dealing with the past not as a burden, which must be beaten back by all means, but as a factor which constitutes the present.). This was somethi ng Sethe had to conquer. She kept asking herself Would it be all right? Would it be all right to go ahead and feel? Go ahead and count on something? (Morrison, 38) This shows that there is no sense of self as there is no sense of future, but only of past for the former slave who has learned only how to be subject Accepting her past as playing a pivotal role in shaping who she has become at present is important for Sethes self-identity. This is something she purposely avoided. To Sethe, the future was a matter of keeping the past at bay.The better life she believed she and Denver were living was simply not that other one (Morrison, 42) Self-concept provides for the total of a beings knowledge and understanding of her self (Freud, 1963 Rieff, 1979 Pigman, 1995). This makes it necessary for Sethe to stop resorting to denial, of fending off awareness of an unpleasant truth or of a reality that is a threat to her ego, as defined by Freud (1963 Rieff, 1979), but to take stock of the rea lity behind what she did and what prompted her to do it.Only thus could she literally quite let go of the ghosts of her peace and enjoy total freedom. The sexual activity conflict which comes to a resolution In an argument with Paul D, Sethe said that all man wrong women. In the colonial thrift, the slavery of a black woman represented the connection between the economy of pleasure and desire, and the economy of domination and power (Wyatt, 1993). Sethe, as the black female slave, represented this difference as racial and intimate other. This is exemplified in Sethes usurpation by the Schoolteachers nephews.I am full God damn it of two boys with mossy teeth, one sucking on my breast, the other holding me down, their book-reading teacher watching and writing it up. I dont want to know or have to remember that. I have other things to do worry about tomorrow, about Denver, about Beloved, about age and sickness, not to speak of love. But her brain was not interested in the future (Morrison, 70). The Schoolteacher observes Sethes rape and makes it a discursive act. He exploits Sethe as a racial and internal other in order to rewrite her identity as something less than human more of a beast rather than a human being.Sethe then experiences this dehumanization of herself and her body by the Schoolteacher and his nephews. Sethes personhood, as it has been allowed to exist under slavery, is further reduced to animality. Among female African-American slaves, thus, there was not just the voodooism of colonial discourse (Bhabha, 78) but sexual fetish to contend with as well. Pursuant to the object relations theory an variant of psychoanalytic theory the psychological life of the human being is created in and through relations with other human beings, through true object relations. Unlike Freudian and Lacanian theories, however, object relations theory, the gendering of the subject has little to do with ones awareness of sexuality and reproduction at early stag es of development (in other words, when one is a child). It involves the internalization of any inequities in the value delegate to ones gender, as well as the associated instability of power (Wyatt, 1993 Chodorow, 1978). In Sethes case, this imbalance of power was present in two levels fetish of colonial discourse, and the sexual fetish displayed against female black slaves.This gendering is something that she carries with her even when she is freed and can be seen in her attitude towards her children. Ideally, Sethes concern for her childs well being should not involve overinvestment in the child as a mere extension of her own self. She needs both material and emotional support from other adults who are able to both nurture her and reinforce her own sense of autonomy (Patterson and Watkins, 1996). Unfortunately, given the harsh realities of the life and conditions under slavery, Sethe hardly had the opportunity or the good fortune of being exposed to such an environment or good object relations. The dehumanization of African-Americans, and the dehumanization of African-American women during that period made it difficult for even women themselves to break away from the roles that society had forced them into (Chodorow, 1978). Despite the gender conflict displayed in Morrisons book however, the last chapter indicates the potential and possibility for harmonization, as Paul D returns to 124 after he hears that Beloved is finally gone. This is the first time he returned to the place where he escaped from, and this very act symbolizes that it is finally time for Paul D to stop running.When Paul D and Sethe are reunited, Paul D reassures Sethe that they will build a new future for themselves together, telling Sethe to take care of herself as she is her own best thing. Paul D tells Sethe he plans to move in and that he will take care of her at night, while Denver was away. As he shows Sethe, she herself and not her children is her best possession You your best th ing Me? Me? (Morrison, 273) In this, we see how Paul D affirms not just Sethe as a woman, but as an individual, separate and distinct from her daughter, Beloved. WORKS CITED LISTBateman, Anthony and Holmes, Jeremy. Introduction to Psychoanalysis coeval Theory & Practice. London Routledge, 1995. Bettelheim, Bruno. Freud and Mans Soul An primary(prenominal) Re-Interpretation of Freudian Theory. youthful York Random House Vintage, 1983. Bhabha, Homi K. Locations of Culture. New York Routledge, 1994. Bowlby, John. Attachment and vent Vol I, 2nd Ed. New York Basic Books, 1999 Chodorow, Nancy. The Reproduction of Mothering Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley University of California Press, 1978. Fitzgerald, Jennifer.Selfhood and confederation Psychoanalysis and Discourse in Beloved. Modern Fiction Studies 39 (1993) 669-87. Freud, Sigmund. obsessive Acts and Religious Practices Freud Character and Culture. Ed. , Philip Rieff. New York Collier Books, 1963. 25. Ga y, Peter. Freud A brio for Our Time. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 1988. Halbwachs, Maurice. On Collective memory board. Ed. and trans. Lewis A. Coser. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1992. Hayman, Ronald. A Life of Jung. New York W. W. Norton & Co. , 1999. Isbister, J. N. Freud, An Introduction to his Life and give way.Oxford Polity Press, 1985. Jones, Ernest. The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. Eds. , Lionell Trilling and Steven Marcus. New York Basic Books, 1961. Jung, Carl. The Undiscovered Self. London Signet Books, 2006. Knapp, Steven. Collective Memory and the Actual Past. Representations 26 (1989) 123-49. Lawler, Steph. Mothering the Self Mothers, Daughters, Subjects. New York Routledge, 2000. Longmans Modern English Dictionary. London Longman Harlow Ltd. , 1968. Marthe, Robert. The Psychoanalytic Revolution. London Avon Books, 1968.

Ecosystems: Ecological Succession and Climatic Climax

Eco arrangements Change and Ch both(prenominal)enge The Structure of Ecosystems Ecosystem a dynamic, steadfast system char corresponderised by the inter act of marks and sensuals with individually other and with the non- subsisting comp nonp arilnts of the environment The comp unrivalednts of an ecosystem be categorised as either biotic and abiotic Biotic means the victuals environment, comp atomic takings 53nts include i). Vegetation (living and decomposing) ii).Mammals, insects, birds and microorganisms Biomass-the mass of material in the bodies of animals and plants ( aggregate mass of living depend) Abiotic means the non-living, chemical and physical components of the ecosystem and includes i). mode- in particular the gentleal standard of temperature and ruin ii). undercoat characteristics iii). profound pargonnt persuade iv). Relief of the belt d declargon v). Drainage characteristicsEcosystems be afford systems because dynamism and living matter gloomy d emeanor both enter and leave the system * Inputs-Energy from the sun, which drives photosynthesis- change the plants to begin, water transported into the ecosystem from ruin and animals that make it from elsewhere * Outputs- wholesomes argon transferred out of the system by animals give the axe physically move out, water can leave by means of evapotranspiration, groundwater flow and finishedflow * Flows-nutrients can be transferred from one store to another e. g. apillary uptake * Stores- stores of nutrients plant, plant covey and filths Energy Flows and nutrient cycling Energy flows- is the flow of muscularity through a nutrient chain * Energy flows flow through an ecosystem from one stage to another. * Through photosynthesis plants argon able to capture readable energy from the sun to make carbohydrates from blow dioxide and water to grow and increase their biomass * at heart all ecosystems, nutrients ar required for plant harvest-tide and be re rungd from one store to another e. g. leaves lineage from tree-> when they decompose nutrients are returned to the speckGersmehl diagram- shows the cycling of nutrients in spite of get onance the main stores of biome * Circles of proportionate size represent the stores of nutrients with the biomass, hatch and soil * food transfers, inputs and outputs are represented by arrows of varying thickness Inputs- include nutrients(carbon and nitrogen) and minerals(from weather parent rock) Outputs- prejudice of nutrients from the soil by l each(prenominal)ing and draw near runoff Flows-leaf fall from biomass to litter, disintegration of litter, flow of nutrients to soil, uptake of nutrients by plants and treesThe movement of energy up the trophic take produces shows the food chain as each trophic level occupies a different position. However food durance, in reality, are lots more(prenominal) complex than this. Some species can occupy more than one position in e very(prenominal) food web whitethorn be prey to more than one animal etc. Nutrient cycles in an ecosystem take place between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. This can be shown through the Gersmehl diagram. * Nutrients have three stores the soil, litter and biomass. Nutrients are transferred through the three stores through fall of unwarranted tissue, absorption through plant root and decomposition etc. Inputs of nutrients include precipitation and the weathering of parent rock Outputs include loss from runoff and leaching Flows include leaf fall (from the biomass to the litter), decomposition of litter(flow of nutrients to the soil) trophic levels, food chains and webs Energy transfer wi cut off an ecosystem, represented by a pyramid diagram * At each trophic level, nearly energy is acquirable as food for the abide bying level * from each one level falloffs in size, 90% of energy lost through life rocesses-respiration, movement and excretion * Only 10% available as food, get along of living organisms decreases as trophic levels increase Producers/autotrophs- first gear socio- frugal class, produce their own food through photosynthesis( reverse lightning plants) Primary consumers-eat the producers(herbaceous plantivores) Secondary consumers-consume the herbivores(carnivores) Tertiary consumers-top predators that eat secondhand consumers Detrivores and decomposers operate at each trophic level i). Detrivore-feeds on dead material or absquatulate products ii).Decomposer-an organism that recrudesces down dead plants, animals and waste matter e. g. fungi and bacteria * There are normally 4 unites in a food chain, each link feeds on and obtains energy from the forward link and is consumed by and proffers energy for the proceeding link * There are a large number of food chains that operate in ecosystems, it is also made even more complicated as animals have varied diets, this can be shown in a food web Ecosystems in the British Isles Over Time conclusion and Climax Succession-a series of changes that take place in the plant federation over timeClimatic approach-the final stage of the plant chronological sequence, where the plant is in proportion with the environmental conditions. Providing the environmental conditions watch unchanged in that respect will be no change in the plant once the stage is strained * If allowed to unfold undisturbed , the duration will reach its climatic approach- where the plant species vital in perfect balance with the current environmental conditions * Climate is the major influence of flora on a global exfoliation * On a local anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic scale-drainage, geology and relief affect plant growthThere are 2 basic types of chronological sequence 1. Primary date-occurs on lifts that have had no previous phytology There are two main types of primary quill taking over * Xeroseres are boded on modify the three estates, this group can be divided into lithoseres on vent rock and psammoseres on sand dunes * Hydroseres are formed in water, haloseres in salt water and hydroseres in unspoilt water 2. Secondary date occurs on estate that was formerly vegetated only has undergone a loss of plant E. g. Deforestation Development of a successionAs the succession develops it passes through a series of stages called seres(individual stages in the plant succession) where the processes of invasion, colonisation, emulation, domination and autumn operate to influence the composition of the vegetation i). Plants first invade bare ground through the processes of dispersal and migration ii). Pioneer species are adapted to live bitter conditions (e. g. long-rooted salt-tolerant marram grass), they compete for available station, light, water and nutrients, when they die they function interchange the environment by adding constitutive(a) matter iii).The addition of organic matter to the developing soil improves its structure and water retention q ualities iv). A menstruation of relative stability is eventually reached where the vegetation has reached its climax, the climax is dominated by the tallest species v). The saturation point has been reached with all potential niches occupied- climatic climax community, where the infixed vegetation has reached a stable balance with the climate and soils of the celestial orbit Polyclimax surmisal- the theory that local factors (drainage, geology, relief and microclimates) can create adaptations in the climatic climax communityPlagioclimax- the plant community that populates when human come innce prevents the climatic climax worldness reached Lithosere Is a succession that write downs life on cuttingly exposed rock surface e. g. eruption of a volcano i). The bare rock is initially colonised by bacteria and algae ii). The pioneers begin to colonise, starting with lichens, they begin to break down the rock and assist water retention iii). As water retention improves, mosses be gin to grow, water retention improves and weathering to produce the first gear of a soil where advanced plants can grow iv).Ferns, herbs and flowering plants appear and die back, bacteria converts their remains into humus, helps to recycle nutrients and improve soil fullness v). Shrubs start to grow vi). Pioneer trees make out beed, normally fast increase e. g. willow, birch vii). Slower maturation tree species begin to develop (e. g. alter and oak), they are the prevailings of the climatic climax community- termperate broad-leaved woods toss off Hydrosere A hydrosere develops as follows i). In a freshwater environment, submerged aquatics are the first plants to develop, they help to trap sediment which enables other species to move in i). The next seral stage is the growth of reed beds and swamp conditions iii). closure by alder and fern begins, they further modify the environmental conditions, improving drainage and mineral nub of the immature soil, allowing the entr y of willow and ash iv). The climatic climax vegetation of deciduous oak or beech wood shore is reached, throughout the succession there are progressive changes to the soil conditions, ground-level microclimate and animal use clement Deciduous Wood go throughA biome is a global-scale ecosystem and is a intrinsicly occurring organic community of plants and animals in the climatic climax stage of succession * tropical rain forests and temperate deciduous woodland are both examples of exalted energy biomes * Low energy biomes are the tundra in the in high spirits latitudes and the hot deserts in the low latitudes, the vegetation is scarce and net primary productivity is low * moderate deciduous woodland is a high energy biome which has a comparatively high productivity. It is found in id latitudes on the borders of continents where there is adequate wet. Climate * Temperature ranges from 5 17 in Winter and Summer * ergocalciferol-2,000mm of rain per year, varies eraally * Low stuff systems * Westerly winds Vegetation * Broadleaved deciduous trees are the dominant species, oak are the tallest * Trees develop large crowns and broad but sylphlike leaves * Shed their leaves in the winter, reduces transpiration when less water is available * Net primary deed-1,200g dry organic matter per M? er year * nigh woodlands show some stratification * Below the canopy is the pubic hair layer * Just above the forest floor is the herb layer * Epiphytes e. g. lichens and mosses grow on the trunks and branches of trees * A thick layer of leaf litter is readily broken down by soil microbes and animals territorial dominion * dark-brown human race soil 1. 5m thickheaded * Leaf litter makes the soil more productive in Autumn * Well mixed with decomposers so it becomes fertile speedily * Leaching occurs when there is snowmelt or intense rain, which is not special Arresting factorsPlant successions can be stopped from reaching climatic climax or deflected to a differ ent climax, by human interference The resulting vegetation is called a plagioclimax, this can be caused by * deforestation or afforestation * animal eat or trampling * dismission clearance A supplementary succession is one that develops on land that has previously been vegetated The stages of secondary succession may be more rapid than those of primary succession because organic matter is already present in the soil, the pioneer stage may be concise or absent- climatic climax is reached in a much shorter timePlagioclimax cusk moorland 1. As the soils deteriorated without the deciduous vegetation, hardy plants much(prenominal) as heather come to dominate the uplands. 2. Sheep grazing became the major form of agriculture and the sheep prevented the regeneration of climax woodland by destroying young saplings 3. galore(postnominal) of these uplands have been controlled by managed yearning to encourage new heather shoots 4. desirous has eliminated the less fire- skanky speci es, leading to the dominance of heather 5.One of the aims of burning heather is to ensure as much as possible of the available nutrient is conserved in the ecosystem 6. Burnt on average every 15 geezerhood, If the time elapses more then there is too much dendroid tissue and nutrients are lost in smoke Tropical biomes In a tropical rainforest biome payable to the uninterrupted high temperature and rainfall, vegetation grows more quickly, large amounts of net primary production Biodiversity- the variety of species at heart an ecosystem Leaching-soluble bases are removed from a soil by downward-percolating water in environments where precipitation exceeds vaporisationNet primary production-the amount of energy fixed in photosynthesis negative the energy lost by respiration in plants The tropical equatorial rainforest biome The tropical rainforest biomes are between latitudes 10N and 10S of the equator Climate * The equatorial climate has little variation, temperatures remain hi gh throughout the year * High diurnal temperature range, high during daylight and low during the night- due to no insulating overclouds to keep the heat in * yearly precipitation is high, often in excess of 2000mm, rain falls all ear round at the equator because of the inter-tropical convergence zone dominates the atmospheric conditions Evapotranspiration is rapid, due to sun heats the humid forest * low pressure conditions allow institutionalize to be rapidly uplifted * As the air rises it cools and water vaporisation condenses into clouds, the clouds continue to build into the afternoon- leading to levelheaded rain and thunder, returning the previously uplifted moisture back to ground levelHumidity is high throughout the year, round-the-clock evapotranspiration adds water vapour to the air On the forest floor there is little breeze as the trade winds converge here Soils Underlying soil will have positive naturally over a long period of time and be in balance with its envi ronment, this is cognise as zonal soil The zonal soil associated with the tropical rainforest is a latosolyh Characteristic features * A latosol can be more than 40m profound The constant hot nettled climate provides perfect conditions for chemical weathering of the rudiments * Ferrallitisation is the process where bedrock is broken down by chemical weathering into dust minerals and sesquioxides * Red colour due to the presence of iron and aluminum minerals * As there is a moisture surplusage in the equatorial climate(rainfall exceeds evapotranspiration), there is a downward movement of water through the soil * silicon dioxide materials are washed out of the A horizon and transported downwards by water by a process called leaching * Iron and aluminium compounds are less soluble and are left behind * The latosol is nutrient poor, plant uptake of nutrients is roughly equal to the input from decomposed litter * Soil moisture utilisation occurs throughout this period, as evaporati on and transpiration exceed precipitation Vegetation Rainforests are the close diverse and productive biome, also the intimately soft The vegetation is in harmony with its environment and is a climatic climax community where the dominant species are the hardwood trees * The net primary production of the rainforest is 2,200g M? yr?? the figure is high because the growing eon lasts all year and the litter is rapidly decomposed, replacing nutrients taken up by the vegetation * There can be up to three hundred species of trees in every Km? * The forest has a layered appearance, with the tallest trees(emergents), standing(a) up to 45m, above the canopy, the canopy gains roughly of the sunlight and intercepts close to of the precipitation * When a tree dies it brings down others as it falls, new trees grow quickly taking advantage of the light, it decomposes quickly assisted by detrivores and the hot and humid conditions * Fungi that grows on trees and has an important role in dec omposing litterThe vegetation has developed and adapted to physical conditions of the rainforest * The trees grow rapidly, the leaves at the tops of the trees absorb light and photosynthesise, the bark is thin as the trees dont need protection from bitter winter conditions * The top layer of soil dribbles the minerals the trees need, there is also an considerable supply of water, roots do not need to be deep e. g. buttress roots, also help to stabilise the trees * The leaves have adapted to the rule-governed heavy rainfall by developing drip-trips, which allows excess water to be easily shed, the leaves are also thick and leathery to withstand solid sunlight and reduces the loss of water from the plant * Epiphytes grow on the trees, as the forest floor is dark * Rainforests form the habitat for a long number of species The effects of human performance on plant succession Deforestation is the deliberate clearance of woodland by cutting, burning or the application of a defolian t * Climatic climax vegetation has been destroyed, this has resulted in both secondary succession and plagioclimax * The vegetation that replaces the original rainforest tends to be teeny-weenyer in height and less diverse, with a lessening in the world-wide biomass Causes of deforestation * Demand for hardwood, e. g. teak, its demand for building and furniture is increasing * numerous developing countries rely on merchandise earnings from timber to help pay their debts and finance major development projects * To provide land for pencil eraser plantations, cattle ranches for beef floriculture, soya plantations, mining, roads and railways * world pressure has also led to an increase in the clearance of rainforests Impacts of deforestation * As habitats shrink, plant species become peril and the food chain within the forest is interrupt * Some animal species are threatened by extinction The vegetation protects the latosol soils from the regular heavy tropical downpours * Onc e the trees are removed the topsoil is open to erosion and to leaching of nutrients and minerals * Runoff causes sediment to block river carry and increases flooding * The microclimate of the forest is disturbed by deforestation-the daily water cycle of rapid evapotranspiration followed by afternoon precipitation cannot occur, there is less cloud cover and a greater temperature range * The use of burning leads to local air pollution and contributes to climate change7 * Economic benefits in terms of income from mining, farming and exports from hardwood * Culture of the endemic slew is destroyed and they may be force to move from their land People are one of the arresting factors that interfere with plants succession. They can often stop a plant succession from growing and then when this is maintained it is known as a plagioclimax. Sheep grazing on moorland is an example. A secondary succession is a plant succession that takes place on land that has already been colonised.Seconda ry succession can follow a natural disaster much(prenominal) as a volcanic eruption or a period of human intervention such as colonising a former quarry aim. Much of the British Isles was cover in deciduous woodland with the climax species being either oak tree or Ash depending on the soil and the underlying parent rock. This was mostly cleared for agriculture and settlement which has started a plagioclimax in most field of forces of Britain. Tropical Biome Savannah ratland Climate * Wet and dry seasons * 500-1000mm of rain per year * savory throughout the year * High pressure and strong trade winds in the dry season * Wet season dominated by the ITCZ * Fires may occur caused by heat and lightning Vegetation Trees dominate over grasses where the unwavering season is longer dense rainforest towards the equator * Grasses may be up to 2m tall long roots * Deciduous * Adaptations include fire resistant bark, water storage etc. Soil * Deep red lateric soils * Influenced by clim ate * Silica is leached downwards in the wet season * incrustation formed in the dry season Biodiversity * Greater towards the equator * Acacia, Baobab, Umbrella Thorn, Elephant Grass * Great animal migrations occur essence that biodiversity drops at certain quantify * 40% of the land in Tanzania has been designated as a National pose to help conserve biodiversity * African Elephant, Black Rhino, Zebra and Cheetah are exist The Savanna grassland biome ClimateThe tropical wet and dry climate of Africa shows seasonal variation in wind direction, precipitation and temperature Variations occur with increasing latitude from the equator ruination varies * Equatorial rainforest margins more than 1,000mm per year, rain season lasts 10-11months * Desert/semi-arid margins are less than 500mm per year, apart from the equator the reliability of the rainfall decreases, only 1-2 months rainy season Temperature varies * The equatorial rainforest margin temperature range is 22C in the wet se ason and 28C in the dry season * On the desert margins the temperature range from 18C in the wet season to 34C in the dry seasonDuring the dry season, the subtropical anticyclone moves over the desert margins, the subsiding air of the high pressure suppresses convection, broad rise to clear skies and high daytime temperatures The trade winds blow from the high pressure towards the ITCZ, moves towards the coast. The air has a low moisture content, known as harmatten In the wet season, the ITCZ migrates polewards, it brings rainfall because uplift and convection are fed by moist, unstable, tropical maritime air, the poles have a short rainy season so have low annual rainfall Ecological responses soil moisture budgets e. g. Northern Ghana Soil moisture recharge-July to early terrible precipitation becomes greater than evapotranspiration, rainwater fills the empty pores in the soil, reaches field capacitySoil moisture surplus- August-September, at field capacity, soil is saturated, r ainwater has difficulty infiltrating ground leads to surface runoff, leads to high river levels Soil moisture utilisation-October, evapotranspiration begins to exceed precipitation, more water evaporating and being transpired by plants than falling as rain Soil moisture deficit- December, when soil moisture is used up, water deficit, plants can only survive if drouth resistant, period continues until precipitation becomes greater than evapotranspiration Northern Ghana characteristics * lengthy period of moisture deficit * Short period of moisture surplus * integrality annual potential evapotranspiration greater than total potential precipitationAdaptations by vegetation * Vegetation in wetter fields consist of tall coarse grasses, with many a(prenominal) deciduous trees- Tree savanna * Shorter tussock grass becomes dominant in desert margins, accompanied by drought-resistant trees e. g. acacia and baobab, known as grassland and shrub savannas * Trees are deciduous, have hard leat hery leaves to reduce transpiration losses, other plants are microphyllous (small leaves) for the aforementioned(prenominal) reason * In the tree savanna, isolated trees have low comprehensive shaped crowns that shade root areas and reduce soil moisture evaporation Xerophytic characteristics, adaptations to dry surroundings * dense cell fluids hard waxen leaves Reduce water loss * thorns and protected stomata Two main types of trees i). Acacia-has a crown structure, often flattened by trade winds, loses leaves in the dry season ii). Baobab-thick spongy trunk, long tap roots, baobab is pyrophytic, withstand fire due to insulating bark Grassland savanna- grasses are tussocky, enables them to keep on some moisture shrub or scrub savanna- there are many acacia trees, thorn bushes and short tufted grasses, someer leaves so retain more water, turn blades away from sun to reduce water loss Impact of human activity Two main effects on the vegetation i).Grass is burnt off, pause growth of young grass next season for grazing, regular burning makes it difficult for young trees and bushes to become established, dominated by herbaceous plants and indigenous woody plants that can survive fire e. g. acacia and baobab ii). Woody plants, killed by cattle eating their foliage, thorny animal-repellent trees and shrubs such as acacia, therefore become numerous The tropical monsoon forest biome Climate * High temperatures throughout the year, small annual range(19C-30C) because of the location within the tropics * Annual precipitation is high * Winds blow in from the ocean with very moist air and heavy rainfall during May-October, the rest of the year the air is drierEcological responses Soil moisture budgets * recklessness is much higher than potential evapotranspiration during the wet season * High rainfall totals result in saturation of the soil, some of the moisture can be utilised by vegetation * A soil moisture deficits occurs by January, deciduous trees lose their lea ves in response to drought conditions * The period of moisture deficit is shorter then that experienced in the tropical savanna biome * The months of surplus during the wet monsoon season result in the leaching of bases and silica and very little humus is allowed to develop in the top layers Adaptations by vegetation and animals The canopy is not continuous, tallest trees are smaller, provide an incomplete cover * This means there is less competition for light, allowing greater development of vegetation at lower levels * Fewer species of trees, common species are sal, pyinkado and teak all of which are economically valuable * Trees do not possess buttress roots and they develop large round crowns * The bark is often thick, to protect them from the harsh climate of the dry season, leaves are thin * Deciduous trees shed their leaves in response to a lack of moisture, to reduce transpiration during the dry season, this allows the light to reach the forest floor, leads to the developmen t of dense undergrowth Impact of human activity * Tropical monsoon forests are fragile ecosystems, following deforestation almost unrealistic for lively food webs to continue, all rophic levels are bear on, results in massive decrease in natural vegetation * Removal of monsoon forests due to increasing universe of discourse pressure * Deforestation due to agricultural land and fuel wood due to rapidly increasing state * Teak has been exploited for export to developed countries, many indigenous species are endangered Development issues in the three biomes Brazil has the greatest species diversity, a smaller proportion of its land is protected than in Tanzania, in Tanzania 39. 6% of the land is designated National parking area Species diversity is of crucial importance because * Plants photosynthesise * Trees act as a carbon sink * Some species purify water, fixing nitrogen, recycling nutrients and waste * Insects sail-pollinate cropsIn all three biomes the natural environment s are threatened by population growth and economic development Ecosystem issues on a local scale Conservation-preservation of the natural environment Ecology-the study of the relationships between living things and their environment sustainable development-The management of resources in such a way that the ability of the system to replace itself is greater than the level of exploitation In urban areas they contain a wide variety of habitats e. g. industrial sites, weak land and parks- thereof difficult to make generalisations about urban ecology- all these habitats contain different mixes of flora and faunaThis means there are opportunities for secondary succession, peculiarly where land becomes inattentive. Urban niches Many urban habitats are specialised, within one site a number of different niches or microhabitats might be available for plants and animals to colonise. e. g. bare tarmac, stone walls, Mosses taking root on high buildings Colonisation of wasteland Plant success ion-the change on a community of species over time, is brought about by changes in the microenvironment due to e. g. supply of new species, competition between species and changes in habitat The types of plants that can initially colonise are influenced by i). Slope- horizontal surfaces debris accumulates, eventually develops into soil ii).Moisture availability-gentle slopes, rainwater accumulates and bury slopes-faster runoffs iii). Aspect-south facing slopes are warmer and drier iv). Porosity-(ability to hold water), the greater porousness the quicker the colonisation v). Surface roughness-allowing plants to get a hold vi). taint levels-substances that are toxic to plants e. g. lead, contaminates the ground Succession-e. g. Industrial site power point 1 Pioneers- * Mosses and lichens are the first plants to develop on bare surfaces * Able to exist in areas with little water, obtaining nutrients through photosynthesis * When the plants die they provide a thin mat of organic mat ter, produces a protosoil that other species can root into Stage 2 Oxford ragwort- Cracks in the surface provide sheltered places for seeds to germinate and retain moisture * Oxford ragwort, wind-blown seeds, has a long flowering season 180-190 days, enables it to produce trillions of seeds * At this stage, succession is usually rapid Stage 3 Tall herbs- * As these plants die they produce a thicker and more nutrient-rich soil * Taller plants that are more demanding of good growth conditions can become established e. g. Willowherb Stage 4 Grassland- * As soil enrichment continues, the amount of grass in the vegetation increases * Japanese knotweed, grow up to 3m in height, their dense canopies shade out most species beneath them Stage 5 Scrub woodland- Processes of soil enrichment and competition continues, taller herbaceous plants replaced by shrubs and eventually trees * As herbaceous plants thicken it becomes difficult for these small-seeded plants to establish As plant successio n develops, there are changes to the fauna * Soil fauna-increase in number of earthworms as soil improves and increase in the number and diversity of the insect population * Sub-stratum variations-caused by differences in the disposition of the surface being colonised Ecologies along route ways * Routeways are classifiable habitats because exotic species of plants and insects may be brought in by traffic, provide infuriatedlife corridors for e. g. oxes * railway system lines- during days of steam trains there were frequent fires which burnt of tall species (allowing light through) encouraging light-demanding species to establish * Windborne seeds can be sucked along by trains and a lack of human interference encourages wildlife e. g. badgers * The nitrogen-rich exhaust fumes boost the growth of some wild flowers and increase the presence of insects and animals further up the food chain * Canals act like long ponds providing a habitat for a variety of aquatic plants e. g. ducks In troduction of new species Cities are centres for the establishment and dot of foreign species, species * Europe-e. g. Sycamore * Japan-e. g. Japanese KnotweedSuch species can be bring ind by crooked seeds, seeds carriers by animals and forms of transport e. g. trains Urban areas are attractive because of the variety of habitats, the constant creation of new habitats and the reduced level of competition Gardens and parks be areas where the vegetation is managed * Species are introduced from overseas and others are removed or controlled by mowing, weeding or the use of pesticides/herbicides * Sports fields reduce the diversity of plant species by maintaining grass pitches * Altruistic motives- to give a dull urban area some colour and improving the aesthetic value of the area * better the visual outlook-hiding eyesores (e. g. actories) encourage businesses or residents to move in * Schools produce a diverse environment for study purposes * Local businesses may want a pleasant sit e to attract customers * Local authorities provide the normal with an arboretum * Birdwatchers wish for a diverse environment to attract new species * Act as noise and pollution inhibitors * Provide shade in hot urban environments * Reduce soil erosion on embankments Changes in the campestral urban fringe * Although much of the land on the rude/urban fringe is a green belt area meaning that its protected from development, there will be increasing pressure to do so as plans for 50,000 houses over the next few years. The rural urban fringe is under pressure from development, In the UK are designated green belt, with regulations that strictly control new development * Farmers face problems from unlawful encampments, offend and vandalism * Secondary succession may begin on unwitting fields with the growth of weeds * Despite a lack of investment, land prices are often high, due to speculation of future development, derelict land has an advantage in gaining planning permission * Rec ent political relation insurance is in favour of sustainable development of the rural-urban fringe and the recycling of derelict/degraded land e. g. planting of woodland * Country parks are relatively unmanaged and harbour more natural plant communities, providing potential didactics sites for bird species. e. g. skylark Ecological preservation areas Conservation areas are developed for * promote wildlife back into cities * Making cheap use of an otherwise derelict area Reducing maintenance costs in an area * Maintaining a diverse species base and reintroducing locally extinct species Such work includes * position of trees, planting of native species, dredging of ponds and soil improvements * Group organisations behind such conservation include The National Trust Different groups have different priorities, local authorities have planning needs and have to balance the bank to make use of derelict land against the potential cost to local taxpayers E. g. conservation groups want t o create environments where traditional species can establish and local people want a safe environment for leisure Dulwich top(prenominal) Wood conservation area This was once a wooded area and the site of Crystal Palace however now it has been turned in to an ecological conservation area which is open and attempt to accommodate everyone. * Is open at all times * Has a network of trails, some are suitable for wheelchairs Species in the wood * Trees e. g. Oak and ash, ground in the wood is deeply shaded, only a few shrubs e. g. Laurel and a few plants from the antiquated woodland e. g. bluebell * Over 250 types of fungi e. g. mushrooms, they live on dead wood or leaf litter helping to break down these materials and return nutrients to the soil * Many mammals e. g. foxes and over 40 species of birds e. g. woodpeckers why the site is interesting? Conservation of both abandoned Victorian gardens and ancient woodland * A number of preserved and re-created habitats e. g. wet areas and h erb gardens * The site is both managed and allowed to grow wild in some areas, a range of different habitats * Plenty of wildlife, over 40 species of birds * Original habitats preserved, enabling native species of plants and animals to survive * A good example of how habitats can be preserved and created and still allow public access through a network of trails * The site has an educational value with a posted nature trail Ecosystem issues on a global scale Human activity, biodiversity and sustainability * balls population continues to grow, increasing the stress upon resources and environmental systems e. g. ater, land * Population and growth and economic development resulted in spiralling demand for natural resources and reduction in natural ecosystems and biodiversity * 2005, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment- stated that humans have changed ecosystems extensively, resulting in a substantial loss of the diversity of life on Earth * 1/3 of plant species are threatened globally and that climate change could result in the extinction of up to 1 million of the worlds species by 2050 * United Nations and the World Wide gunstock for Nature are working to educate people to protect ecosystems and to leap out sustainable development * 1997 Kyoto conference on the environment resulted in the most industrialised countries agreeing to cut their carbon dioxide emissions by 30% by 2010 * UK government created the UK biodiversity Action Plan in 1994, setting aims for the next 20 years * Protecting the best sites for wildlife-10% of the UK designated Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) * Targeting action on priority species and habitats-2007 UK diversity Partnership published list of 1,149 priority species and 65 habitats * Embedding consideration of biodiversity and ecosystem services in all sections of policy * Encouraging people to change their behaviour, to environmental issues instruction of fragile environments A fragile environment lacks resilience to a cha nge in conditions, many ecosystems are vulnerable to change e. g. introduction of foreign species CASE show important Amazon Conservation Complex (tropical rainforests) The destruction of the Amazon rainforest has been particularly harmful to the biodiversity there. To prevent this some places have been protected by police force meaning that they are undisturbed.There are three separate reserves which are linked and is known as the Central Amazon Conservation Complex. The total size of these three areas is bigger than Switzerland. 1. Jau National Park 2,272,000 ha 2. Mamiraua sustainable Development Reserve 260,000 ha 3. Amana Sustainable Development Reserve 2,230,000 ha This is a UNESCO world heritage site is the second largest protected area of tropical rainforest in the world. The area is sparsely populated and there are no transport links other than boats. There are no major projects such as hydroelectric dams and some incidences of inquisition and poaching by outsiders for commercial gain This area has one of the most diverse flora and fauna in the world.These include * 200+ species of mammals * 500+ species of birds e. g. parrots * 300+ species of fish * Reptiles and amphibians e. g. coral snake Some of these are endangered which means that the area requires extra protection. e. g. spider monkey and puma care The management has three main functions * To protect the land and to minimise the come to of human activity * To research, catalogue and protect biodiversity * To manage specific activities, such as tourism They have drawn up a govern plan which shows how much activity has been going on in each area. 1. Primitive Zone Minimal human intervention as this is land of great natural beauty 2.Extensive theatrical role Zone There has been a small amount of activity 3. Intensive Use Zone surround has been significantly altered due to human intervention 4. Special Use Zone where services operate to monitor an protect the rainforest A management st rategy was developed by local communities and with other representatives resulted in * Hunting and logging for commercial gain is prohibited * Inhabitants receive environmental education and improved healthcare * Increased economic production from natural resources, ensure a sustainable future for those in the rainforest * order and protection, resulted in an increase in the productivity of the forest and aquatic resourcesCASE STUDY Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania (savanna grasslands) * The parkland occupies 2,305,100 ha, known for herds of wildebeest, 1,300,000 * Endangered species, African elephant, perhaps only 2,000 left * More than 500 species of birds e. g. flamingo * Populated by the Masai Mara, who have an extensive system of land management which requires large areas for the grazing of cattle and Maras cultural code forbids the eating of wild animals, so biodiversity is protected History * Today over 52,000 Masai Mara * 1980s, economic si tuation improved, tourism increased which allowed the park authorities to rebuild the stand and to re-establish anti-poaching units * 90,000 visitors a year, although tourism is managed sustainably-200,000 animals are still illegally killed by poachers each year Management Buffer zones called community Wildlife Management Areas * Local people are encouraged and have legal rights to make decisions regarding the management of wildlife, hoping to maintain illegal poaching * 36% of the population live below the poorness line has resulted in ever increasing pressure on existing resources * A new threat to the natural grasslands is the invasion of the non-native Mexican setose poppy, rapidly takes over an overgrazed land crowding out native species * Tanzania is perpetrate to protecting 42,000km? of land, UK has 1/10 of the land protected The main aim is to preserve the countrys rich natural heritage and to provide securing breeding grounds for its flora and fauna , safe from the con flicting interests of a growing human population The Sundarbans Reserved Forest, Bangladesh (tropical monsoon forest) Population pressure in Bangladesh is severe, large areas of the forest have been cleared to provide more space for agriculture and settlement e. g. 1000 inhabit every km? Threats A number of risks threaten the Sundarbans * Climate change- sea levels are rising at 3mm a year, cause flooding of low lying delta land * outline of water-40% reduction in flow leading to increased salinity of the land and water * Deforestation-e. g. in the Himalayas leading to greater volumes of silt being deposited by rivers * 3 million people live in small villages * fish camps are a major disturbance in the area, with some illegal hunting and trapping of species e. g. turtles * Water pollution e. g. Khulna aquatic wildlife badly affected * Natural disasters e. g. 2007 a cyclone killed 3,000 people and most of the larger trees were uprooted Flora and faunaThe Sundarbans consists of a va st network of rivers, mudflats and islands which are vegetated by mangroves(salt tolerant trees), act as natural buffers against storm surges and protect the land from tropical cyclones which occur during the summer monsoon season Endangered predators in this eco-region e. g. Royal Bengal tiger estimated at 350 Management * There are seven conservation areas, including three wildlife sanctuaries * Under the wildlife act of 1974 it is illegal to cultivate the land within the conservation areas or to introduce domestic animals * There is not enough staff or structures in place to enforce the law * The threats to the area require more cross border cooperation with India as well as financial support * Plans essential include a high degree of local community date to allow sustainable use of the forest